ANIMAL AND KATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 171 



at the highest stages of organic development is in a 

 restricted and quite subordinate mode. In any case, 

 the ant must be regarded as superior in sensibility to 

 the higher mammals, and even to man, a conclusion 

 in itself of large significance as bearing on the 

 problems of evolution. Observations as to the ant 

 show that the possibilities of sensible discrimination 

 are so largely extended, as to suggest a considerable ex 

 pansion of our conceptions of the area of physiological 

 functions. As to intelligence itself, our conclusion 

 brings us back to comparison of the higher mam 

 mals with man, in accordance with the object avowed 

 by Darwin in his comparison of the mental powers 

 of man and the lower animals. 



It is now sufficiently obvious that all sensory 

 phenomena, and all forms of activity traceable to 

 nerve sensibility, must be placed on one side, in order 

 that the phenomena of intelligence may be classified. 

 For accomplishment of this, some closer test of in 

 telligence is required, by a more rigid application of 

 the contrast between the two phases of discrimination. 

 This can best be attained, by proceeding from the 

 higher life to the lower, that is, from direct knowledge 

 of mental activity, to inductions warranted on the 

 basis of an indirect knowledge. 



That this may be attempted with some degree of 

 confidence, we must have full in view all that is com 

 mon to man, as animal, with the higher mammals, 

 making account of close approximation in organic 

 structure. Here, two quotations from Darwin will 

 render important service. As man possesses the 

 same senses as the lower animals, his fundamental 

 intuitions must be the same. Man has also some few 



