184 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



ends gained by actions named instinctive. Storage 

 of food, and provision for young, are certainly the 

 most conspicuous of these ends. Physiological condi 

 tions are not only essential, but conspicuously pro 

 minent. These are phases of sensibility, provided for 

 by specialty of structure ; sensory experience special 

 to gregarious life ; physiological conditions connected 

 with physical wants ; transitory experience belonging 

 to periods of reproductive activity ; and care of the 

 young during a brief season of dependence. These are 

 all closely connected with ascertained physiological 

 law. So far as appears, references to judgment/ to 

 little doses of reason, and to frames of mind, are 

 unwarranted. 



First, we take/ood^ supply. Here we must separate 

 between competition with rivals, and combined action 

 for storage. The struggle for possession has already 

 been conspicuously in view, supplying evidence for 

 evolution. Combined action for storage is the new 

 feature. And this appears in the history of lower 

 forms of life, not in the life of the higher mammals. 

 This contrast accounts for Darwin s remark that 

 instinctive actions are more numerous and complex in 

 the history of lower organisms than of higher. In 

 study of instinct, we are led beyond the merely 

 gregarious tendency which induces a sheep to bleat 

 piteously when it finds itself severed from the flock. 

 We concentrate on the co-operative tendency, strik 

 ingly wanting among sheep and higher mammalia, 

 strikingly present in a hive of bees and in a nest of 

 ants. In the search for food, and in the eating of it 

 when found, as in the carnivora, we see only the direct 

 action of appetite. This is instinctive action in 



