ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 185 



its simplest form. It is the expression of organic 

 need and impulse, in no sense involving intelligence. 

 It is not dependent upon experience, training, or habit. 

 This appears in the act of sucking, by the young of all 

 mammalia, immediately after birth. These actions 

 are clearly non-intelligent. 



When we have passed to the co-operative tendency, 

 we find ourselves in a new field of observation, and at 

 the same time, we are concerned with a much more 

 limited circle of animal life a circle including lower 

 orders, excluding higher orders. Facts and spheres 

 and ends are all well defined, but observations are 

 more complex and difficult. There is now something 

 largely in advance of the hunger-appetite. Instinct 

 here appears as something in advance of a present 

 organic need, and of the impulse which want awakens. 

 There is co-operation in work; a combined activity, 

 concentrated upon a chosen centre for storage. This 

 involves a veritable organisation of a community, 

 under common impulses. Under these conditions, 

 stores are multiplied, and resistance is offered to 

 intruders who would appropriate what has been 

 gathered. This complex range of activity is restricted 

 to animals quite low in the scale of life. This fact 

 increases our difficulties. The argument for continuity 

 up the whole scale is independent of all this, sustained 

 by a wide induction as to organic structure, as that 

 has undergone modification through struggle for 

 existence and use of the powers at command. But 

 ants and bees get over their difficulties in quite 

 another fashion. Their struggle is that which belongs 

 to co-operation, and combined resistance to attack. 

 This is most conspicuous in insect life, and among 



