ANIMAL AXD RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 193 



example of the many wonderful instincts. It may 

 possibly illustrate rather the primary aspects of ap 

 preciation of the relation of means to ends, and may 

 be assigned to position as a phase of knoAvledge. I 

 regard this as the more probable view. But whether 

 we assign it to instinct or to knowledge, the subsequent 

 argument fails to contribute anything towards the 

 conclusion accepted. Reason s control of instinct in 

 our own life does not illustrate instinct. Such con 

 trol implies pre-existence of reason ; the conscious 

 and voluntary determination is antecedent, and 

 manifests superiority of power. 



Now at length, after careful survey of lower levels, 

 we advance towards the height, on w r hich the grand 

 problems of intelligence become visible. Study of 

 comparative intelligence now becomes possible. In 

 the life of higher mammals, with simpler instincts, 

 we find evidence of a measure of intelligence, bringing 

 them into closer relations with humanity than is 

 possible for any other order of life. Intelligent dis 

 crimination is distinguished from the highest sus 

 ceptibility belonging to sensory apparatus, whether 

 characteristic of the general nervous system, or con 

 centrated in special structure, as in the antennae of 

 insects. 



The problem of Animal Intelligence is one of con 

 siderable complexity on account of diversity of animal 

 structure, and variety in the conditions of life. A 

 group which includes the dog, horse, monkey, and 

 ape, shows this in a striking way. In structure, the 

 monkey and ape approximate to man in a degree un- 

 approached by the dog and horse. The animals are 

 further severed in respect of apparatus for the special 



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