196 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



being made for effects of training in the history of the 

 species. If acquired variations in structure and func 

 tion have greatly contributed towards the unfolding 

 of life on the earth, we may anticipate that the results 

 of domestication will considerably modify our con 

 clusions. Activity in their natural state must, how 

 ever, present the full measure of efficiency in evolution 

 by natural selection. Development of intelligence by 

 intervention of higher intellectual power requires 

 to be deducted, as belonging to a later epoch in 

 natural history. 



When the higher mammals are compared with the 

 lower, it is clear that a power of Intelligence must be 

 attributed to the higher, which cannot be credited to 

 the lower. Phenomena of domestication come to our 

 aid here, confirming the generalisation. These lead 

 us to distinguish between our pets, and our helps, 

 among the animals. We do not gather so much 

 towards proof of intelligence from our observations of 

 pigeons and rabbits, as from the activity easily within 

 compass of the dog and the horse. Additional vivid 

 ness is lent to the elevation of the higher mammals 

 in the scale of life, when the dog, highest in manifesta 

 tion of Intelligence, is placed in contrast with the ant, 

 highest in Instinct. Apart from knowledge and intel 

 ligent purpose, the ant goes far in advance of the dog 

 when acting according to its own life-impulses. By 

 use of intelligent discrimination apart from instinct, 

 the dog goes far beyond the ant, and excels all inter 

 mediate life. The ends of Instinct common to both 

 animals may be classified under food and shelter. In 

 these we contemplate ends common to life. Thus reli 

 able comparison may proceed according to difference 



