ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 201 



of intelligence, low in the scale, except in so far as 

 allowance is to be made for difficulty in communi 

 cating with such animals. On the other hand/ instinct, 

 even such as to awaken our astonishment, offers no 

 possible aid in our actions. The ant and the bee, 

 wonderful in instinct, cannot co-operate with us. By 

 means of our intelligence, recognising adaptation of 

 means to their ends, we can co-operate with them, in 

 their efforts, guided as they are by instinct alone. Co 

 operation with man depends upon a measure of intelli 

 gence in animals equal to interpretation of his signs 

 for guidance. In the higher mammalia, structure and 

 intelligence combine in presenting the conditions on 

 which man depends for help in his own work. In co 

 operation with man, the dog can do what the ant cannot 

 do. This implies first a physical difference. The work 

 done is the result of higher structure and of muscular 

 development in the dog. It shows besides, the action 

 of intelligence. On the other hand, the ant can do 

 what neither the dog nor man can do, and this 

 because of specialty of structure and of instinct. To 

 Instinct, we refer possibilities of sensibility and of 

 reflex activity, such as do not appear in the life of 

 the dog. In this respect, the ant is distinctly 

 superior to the dog, though to the latter we assign A 

 intelligence. This contrast harmonises with the con 

 clusion already reached, that Instinct is not guided by 

 Intelligence nor does it contribute towards evolution 

 of Intelligence. The two functions stand quite apart. 

 When these differences are fully considered, it 

 will be found possible to clear away entanglements 

 caused by mixing together phenomena of Instinct, and 

 those of Intelligence. In the same way, it will become 



