ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 205 



constant illustration; the daily work of the sheep 

 dog affords still more valuable evidence. The de 

 lightful stories given by Dr. John Brown, from Rab 

 and his Friends onwards, supply testimony in most 

 attractive form. The dog so understands, and so acts 

 on the understanding, as to become the efficient helper 

 of man. Practical tests are most valuable here. The 

 results thus obtained greatly exceed in worth, as a test 

 of the dog s intelligence, all results gathered from use 

 of written signs, and refusal of food-supply, until the 

 proper card for food had been selected and delivered. 

 If true value be given to the evidence proving the 

 dog s dependence on his own master, we shall see at 

 once the contrast between instinct and intelligence, 

 and testimony to the limits of animal intelligence. 

 The interpretation of signs is undoubted ; the animal s 

 action depends on constant use of quite familiar signs. 

 Reflectiveness is however entirely wanting. We are 

 without proof of any such expansiveness of intelligence, 

 or self-educating power, as appears in every child. How 

 to explain these differences may be a sufficiently per 

 plexing problem ; but as the contrast between instinct 

 and intelligence has been quite broadly marked, so 

 also now is the contrast made clear between animal 

 intelligence and man s acquisition of truth. 



The value of the evidence for animal intelligence 

 depends largely on the training the animal has had. 

 When signs, audible or visible, are employed, aptitude 

 for training must prove a valuable test of the measure 

 of intelligence possessed. The animal capable of 

 this, transcends the sphere of sensible discrimination, 

 showing itself able to interpret sensory experience, 

 and to apply such interpretation for its own guidance. 



