206 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



The highest instinct supplies no such qualification ; 

 wherever this capability appears, the evidence for 

 intelligence is conclusive. In our application, how 

 ever, of the educational test, the variety of con 

 ditions, under which training can be carried on, needs 

 to be carefully considered. Diversities of structure, 

 of temper, and of relations to environment in the free 

 life of the animal, combine to modify the possi 

 bilities of training members of the several species. 

 Regard to animal sensibility is a constant necessity 

 for successful training, whatever the species. Only 

 in this way can the conditions be maintained which 

 favour the action of intelligence. There is in this, 

 a test for the trainer as well as for the animal. When 

 the restlessness of the monkey is considered, along 

 with his natural suspicion, his susceptibility to fear, 

 and his destructiveness, it is obvious that a much 

 greater amount of patience, care, and continued 

 gratification of his natural inclinations, will be re 

 quired to show the intelligence he possesses, than can 

 be needful in the case of the dog. Mr. Garner s ex 

 periments with monkeys supply striking testimony 

 here. When from the phonograph the sound of 

 alarm was given, the monkey eating from his hand 

 sprung at once to the utmost perch, and Mr. Garner 

 adds no amount of coaxing would induce him to 

 return to me, or to accept any offer of peace which I 

 could make. So much is undisturbed confidence 

 essential for success in training. This single example 

 shows how complicated the lines of evidence become 

 on which we depend for conclusions as to comparative 

 intelligence. Fear and fondness are the two govern 

 ing forces in animal life. The former must be allayed, 



