218 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



lifted the life of intelligence aside from the sphere 

 within which laws of nutriment dominate action, we 

 cannot read the terms of the new problem of existence 

 arising from the* appearance of intelligence in the 

 world. Those two fields of existence must be dis 

 tinguished, the one a sphere within which variations 

 of structure and of instinct are effected according to 

 supplies of nutriment; the other a sphere within which 

 variations of intelligence are effected under the laws 

 of thought and of reflective self-government. Only 

 when this distinction is clearly drawn, do we properly 

 enter upon a scientific treatment of the higher life of 

 intelligence, and of wider problems presented by the 

 variations of such life appearing in .nature. Only 

 thus shall we come full in view of the unsolved 

 problem of the appearance of reason, which is our 

 noblest and most distinctive feature. l 



Let us stand face to face with the phenomena of 

 Intelligence, even on the lowest levels on which these 

 appear ; let us bring to a focus all of these which are 

 common to the higher mammals and to man ; beyond 

 these, let us set full in view, as far as we may have 

 ability to do it, the rational pOAvers characteristic of 

 the human race. Only then, and thus, do we face 

 the higher problems of Nature. When this is unhesi 

 tatingly and persistently done, we may anticipate 

 surer advance towards a truly scientific view of man s 

 place in Nature. If only these distinct fields of 

 observation be well defined, and kept open to view, 

 we shall be able to estimate the value of the vast 

 body of facts belonging to natural history, testifying 

 to intelligence, when we include man in Nature. 

 1 Wallace s Darwinism, p. 455. 



