ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 219 



The relations of animal intelligence to human must 

 to some considerable extent prove the guide of biolo 

 gists and psychologists in prosecution of a common 

 task. If Intelligence is accurately described as discrim 

 ination of the significance of sensory experience ; and 

 if its product is knowledge, as distinct from muscular 

 activity, interest must concentrate on the conditions 

 under which the functions of intelligence are fulfilled, 

 first, in the life of the higher mammals, and next in 

 the life of man. The first stage of advance, separates 

 the sensori-motor activity, attributed to all organic 

 existence, from the phenomena of intelligence as these 

 appear in the life of the higher mammals. The next 

 brings out in full relief the phenomena of intelligence 

 common to the higher mammals and man. For 

 adequate description of these, we require a termino 

 logy not supplied by physiology, since the phenomena 

 themselves have not been traced to distinctive struc 

 ture, correlated with circumscribed portions of the 

 central organ. For the first time, warrant is found 

 for speaking of mental phenomena, and of mind/ 

 as a distinct order of existence in Natue. From this 

 point, a much more exact understanding needs to be 

 reached as to our use of terms, if a well-defined body 

 of evidence is to guide us in judgments concerning 

 mental qualities. It must be shown how mental 

 qualities differ from, qualities of structure, and of 

 instinct. We shall thus have fixed the limits within 

 which the term mind is to be employed, ensuring 

 accuracy as we seek to distinguish mental qualities, 

 and mental functions. Afterwards, we shall pass 

 on towards the rational life, the highest phase of 

 existence on the earth, endowed with manifold 



