230 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



organic results are measured by external pressure. 

 Positively, mental actions are the expression of a 

 distinct power in Nature, and the several distinct 

 mental actions are dependent on this power. 

 Thought is the leading power in human life, whose 

 exercise involves comparison, classification, and induc 

 tion under laws of thought commonly recognised and 

 applied, of which the law of non-contradiction is an 

 example. Taking these tests, mind, in its full sig 

 nificance, as now described, belongs to man ; mind, in 

 a simpler phase, belongs to the higher mammals. In 

 both cases mind intelligence in the sense of dis 

 crimination of the meaning of sensory impressions- 

 must be pre-supposed as the condition of the actions 

 described. Their occurrence cannot be accounted for 

 either by repetition of any structural functions known 

 to us, or by continuance of external pressure on organ 

 ism, such as the law of natural selection involves. 



In these attempts to trace the natural history of 

 Intelligence, we are now warranted in restricting 

 attention to man and the higher mammals, seeking 

 some general conclusion as to the relations of these 

 two orders of life. 



In the sphere of intelligence, the difference between 

 the two gives immense superiority to man. Testimony 

 is here explicit and ample from those who regard 

 evolution as all-comprehensive. Special value is to 

 be assigned to statements from such witnesses, even 

 when psychological distinctions are not rigidly 

 observed. Darwin has said, It may be freely 

 admitted that no animal is self-conscious, if by this 

 term it is implied that he reflects on such points as 

 whence he comes, or whither he will go, or what is 



