ANIMAL AND RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE 237 



the observant eye of such a naturalist ; but there is in 

 their statement neither exact adherence to psycho 

 logical distinctions, nor concentrated treatment of the 

 main difficulty. Facts need to be redistributed and 

 classified. In one group there are actions illustrating 

 Instinct ; in another, facts showing the Intelligence of 

 the higher mammals ; in a third the characteristics of 

 Rational life. Here, we need to fix attention on the 

 single problem presented by the relations of the two 

 last groups. When a fair commencement has been 

 made, by recognising common characteristics in animal 

 and human intelligence, a dividing line must be 

 drawn, separating mental phenomena which depend on 

 exercise of rational power. Without this, the authen 

 ticated facts lie before us so mixed up, that it is 

 impossible to handle them with scientific precision. 



Wallace s later study, involving revision of the 

 entire breadth of evidence and argument, has led him 

 to the conclusion that the moral, intellectual, and 

 spiritual faculties of man cannot have been derived 

 by gradual modification and development from the 

 lower animals. Wallace thinks that an erroneous 

 estimate has been made of the value of supposed 

 1 rudimentary powers in the animal life. The facts 

 are as Darwin has given them, but they do not show 

 such analogy with human intelligence as the argu 

 ment requires. They do not present manifestations 

 of a power adequate to account for the many and 

 immense differences that unquestionably do obtain 

 between the mind of the highest ape and the mind of 

 the lowest savage. For, as Wallace observes, 1 we 

 must distinguish the facts of our mental development, 



Darwinism, p. 463. 



