252 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



sensory apparatus, such as occurs under physiological 

 law in the history of any animal. This may explain 

 what is involved when we speak of a dog dreaming. 

 Memory is the knowledge of an event or fact, of 

 which meantime we have not been thinking, with the 

 additional consciousness, that we have thought or 

 experienced it before. 1 To define a simple idea as a 

 memory of a sensuous impression is misleading. There 

 is nothing in the experience of the animal entitled to 

 be called an idea/ no process which can be described 

 as ideation. Some higher power is needed for the 

 origin of an idea or image combining qualities in a 

 single representation. Thereafter, memory may recall 

 it, with consciousness that we had previously formed it, 

 and had kept it before the mind. There is revival in 

 the mind of an image or copy of the original event. 

 But such a revival is obviously not a memory, what 

 ever else it may be ; it is simply a duplicate, a second 

 event, having absolutely no connection with the first 

 event, except that it happens to resemble it. 2 That 

 animals form concepts, or get any further than 

 the recognition of so many distinct marks by any 

 one of which a thing is identified, seems to remain 

 doubtful. When Mr. Leslie Stephen says that a dog 

 frames a general concept of cats or sheep, and knows 

 the corresponding Avords as well as a philosopher, 3 

 there is no evidence to support the statement. When 

 Darwin quotes this with approval, as a remark which 

 may be extended to the more intelligent animals, 4 he 

 illustrates facility of faith, rather than the security of 



1 James s Text-Book of Psychology, p. 287. 2 Ibid. p. 287. 



3 Essays on Free Thinking, p. 82. 



4 Descent of Man, p. 89. 



