254 EVOLUTION AND MAN S PLACE IN NATURE 



direct sensory impression is supplying a prominent 

 part, when we remark on the intelligence of the dog. 

 Amongst our observations there is little to suggest 

 that he is occupied with ideas, or guided by complex 

 ideas. Whatever uncertainty remains here, we are at 

 least agreed that the higher mammals are capable of 

 interpreting simple sensory impressions, and this is 

 certainly a higher exercise than the mere memory of 

 a sensuous impression/ If this statement is warranted 

 on evidence, it seems to follow that the origin of 

 animal intelligence cannot be found in the sensori- 

 motor system centered in the brain. Sensuous im 

 pressions stand distinct from intelligent discrimination 

 of their meaning. There is a marked difference in 

 this respect between the impulse to worry a sheep 

 which sight of the flock may stir in a dog, and readi 

 ness to gather them together under order of the 

 shepherd. 



When we turn from these investigations to observe 

 human intelligence, the difference is such as to involve 

 us in the utmost difficulty if we attempt to trace the 

 rudiments of the higher intelligence in the lower. 

 Long ages of training have not lifted the dog to a 

 place of independent intelligence. The intellectual 

 process is conspicuous in all our effort. Rational dis 

 crimination is at work, even in passive combinations 

 of sensuous perceptions which depend on several 

 sensuous impressions. We distinguish sensuous im 

 pressions, and are cognisant of several perceptions in 

 a single experience. These we blend in one complex 

 idea. We could not represent tree without including 

 trunk and branches; or horse without including 

 form, limbs, and hoofs. When further we contem- 



