96 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



SOLUTRIEN EPOCH. 



Twenty-five specimens of flint, 9 of bone, from Solutre , near Chalons-Sur-Sa6ne, 

 France. Horse bones abounded. Reindeer appear during this epoch. The 

 chipped edge of flint scrapers is changed from the side to the end. Two kinds 

 of flint points, presumably for weapons, are found; one small, rechipped only 

 on the back, with stem and shoulder on one side, the other the leaf shaped, long, 

 broad, and very thin, some are 16 inches wide and but three-eighths of an inch 

 thick. This was an epoch of fine flint chipping. 



MADALENIEN EPOCH. 



Eighteen specimens of flint, 15 of bone. From the Rock-shelter of La Madeleine, 

 on the V6zere, Dordogne, France. Flint chipping continued during this epoch ; 

 scrapers, knives, points, and flakes are found. Bone points, daggers, and har 

 poons were common. The man of this epoch was an artist. More than 400 

 specimens of engraving on bone, horn, ivory, and stone have been found in the 

 Caverns of this period. 



Fig. 5. 



MOUSTIERIAN SCRAPER, SHOWING BULB OF PER 

 CUSSION (FLINT). 

 From Chez Pourfe. 



Fig. 6. 

 OPPOSITE SIDE FIG. 5. 



EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC SKULLS OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE. 



Cast of the Neanderthal Skull. The original was found near Dusseldorf, Germany, 

 and is now at the University of Bonn, discovered by Drs. Schaifhausen and 

 Fuhlrott in 1857. Although the forehead is low and retreating, the skull is not 

 small; its estimated capacity is 1,220 centimeters. Its cephalic index is 0.72. 

 Many persons are of the opinion that it belongs to the Moustierian rather than 

 the Chelleen Epoch. Its great antiquity has been disputed, but, nevertheless, 

 Prehistoric anthropologists have given its name, possibly for want of a better, 

 to the earliest known type ot the human race. 



Cast of the Olmo Skull, from the celebrated paleontological deposit of the Val 

 d Arno, near Florence, Italy. It was found many feet beneath the surface asso 

 ciated with worked flints, horse teeth, and mammoth tusks, all of which, with 

 the original skull, are in the Zoological Museum at Florence. The skull is 

 claimed to have belonged to the Moustierian Epoch of the Paleolithic Age. It 

 is too fragmentary to be measured. 



Cast of Laugerie Basse Skull, found by M. Massenat, of Mailmont, near Brives 

 (Correze), France, in 1872, while excavating the celebrated prehistoric caverns 

 of Laugerie Basse on the V6rzere. Dordogne, France. The skeleton was entire 

 and in place. It was on its side, the legs drawn up, the hands placed on the 

 side of the head and neck. It was considered that he had been killed under a 

 detached and fallen rock. It is in the possession of M. Massenat. The Cavern 

 belongs to the Madelenien epoch of the Paleolithic Age. 



