104 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



PREHISTORIC IMPLEMENTS OF USUAL FORM. 



Scrapers. These are of various forms and material (fig. 19). (a) Disk shaped, chip 

 ped both sides and all around. (6) Long round end, the scraping edge beveled 

 from one side, the lower surface being formed by a continuous fracture. This form 

 is common all over the world and has continued without change from prehistoric 

 into modern times, the Eskimo of to-day using similar implements inserted in 



Fig. 19. 



SCRAPERS. 



38, gray flint, Texas ; 39, hornstone, Ohio ; 40, yellow jasper, Ohio, with arrowhead stem ; 41, chalcedony, Texas, chipped round. 



wooden or ivory handles. (Mason, Aboriginal Skin Dressing, Rep. IT. S. National 

 Museum, 1889, p. 553, PI. LXXII to LXXIX.) (c) Forms peculiar to the United 

 States are stemmed, notched, and shouldered, and their similarity to arrow and 

 spear heads suggests a secondary use of broken specimens. The scraping edges 

 of these, unlike class &, are chipped from both sides. Twelve specimens. 



75 



76 



Fig. 20. 



GROOVED STONE AXES. 



72 greenstone, Massachusetts, groove all around; 73, greenstone, Arizona, flat back; 74, greenstone, South Carolina, groove all 

 around, projecting ridges; 75, Wisconsin, oblique groove; 76, greenstone, Alaska, square with flat b:ick. 



Grooved stone axes (fig. 20) are distributed throughout the United States, and are 

 not found in Europe. The groove is transverse and was for the attachment of a 

 handle by a thong or withe. The material differs with the locality, but granite, 

 trap, and rocks that would not flake were used. Water-worn pebbles served as 

 well as quarried rock. They were chipped or pecked into shape according to 

 material, and if smoothed or polished it was done by rubbing or grinding. 



