106 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Gouges. These are similar to the grooved axes and polished stone hatchets in mate 

 rial, mode of manufacture, and in every way except form. They were probably 

 handled and used in the same manner. Those of the southern coast and the 

 West Indies are of shell. They are more plentiful in the Atlantic States, and 

 are perhaps confined to that area (fig. 22, 66-68). 



Chisels. These, as will be apparent from examination of the figures, are but varia 

 tions of the polished stone hatchet. Indeed, if the hatchet without a handle be 

 taken in the hand and used in connection with the mallet, no reason is seen why, 

 except in size, it and the chisel may not have served the same purpose. They 

 are brought to a smaller or narrower edge than was the hatchet. The sides, 

 whether round or square, are nearer parallel, while the head is not pointed but 

 is large enough to receive a blow from the mallet. Nos. 63 (diorite from Ohio) 

 and 64 (lydite from New York) are typical chisels from the interior eastern 

 States, while 64 (of basalt and of a peculiar shape) is marked in the collection as 

 an &quot; ice chisel,&quot; from Unalaska Island. 



Bunts. An arbitrary name given to this object, 

 having no relation to any supposed use. 

 They resemble somewhat the chipped and 

 unpolished stone hatchet. They are of white 

 chert of Missouri and Illinois, but are peculiar 

 in that they are flat on one side, showing 

 the fracture from the nucleus unwrought, all 

 chipping being on the opposite side, after the 

 manner of scrapers. 



Caches. Chipped implements of leaf-shaped and 

 other forms have been found en cache in 

 various parts of the United States. Most of 

 them are leaf-shaped in form, though some 

 are oval and others round. Many are of Hint, 

 quite thin, and finely finished; others of 

 quartzite, are larger and naturally ruder. 

 Some of chalcedony have been wrought into 

 spearheads with stem and barb. They are 

 larger than usual and evidently completed 

 weapons. No explanation yet given will 

 satisfactorily account for them in their con 

 dition. They were placed in the cache in 

 different positions, but always with reg 

 ularity, on the fiat, or edge, in circles or 

 parallelograms, separate or overlapping. 

 The number in the caches vary from 10 to 

 100 or 200, though that in Mound No. 2, 

 Hopewell farm, near Chillicothe, Ohio, 

 contained 7,232. (See fig. 9, Mr. Mercer s 

 report. ) 



Sixty-one argillite leaf-shaped implements, part of a cache of 95 found at Marshall- 

 ton, Chester County, Pa., by Mr. Edward T. Ingram, in 1890 (fig. 23). The 

 cache is sought to be reproduced and the implements shown as in the original 

 deposit. The top layer was disturbed by the plow. 



A cache of leaf-shaped quartzite implements from the bank of the River Wautanga, 

 Carter County, northwest Tennessee. It consists of 18 pieces, 7 to 9 inches in 

 length, 3 to 3 in width, and five-eighths to seven-eighths in thickness. They 

 were buried 2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side and arranged in a cir 

 cle with the points to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The 

 hole in which they were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard 

 yellow clay. Nothing was found associated with them, although there was an 

 aboriginal cemeterv in the neighborhood. Deposited bv Thomas Wilson. 



f 



Fig. 23. 



AKGIKLITK LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMKNT. 



Cache in Chester County, Pa. 



