108 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Complete and perfect arrowheads . 

 Leaf-shaped : 



Perfect 



Imperfect 



9 

 16 



Cores : Finely wrought 



Rude lumps of flint 



Debris: 



Hard-burnt clay, small 2 



Pebbles, not flint, small 13 



Bits of wood, small 5 



Chips and spawls, flint 3, 149 



51 



25 

 15 



lit 



3,169 

 Total contents of hole 3,294 



Hammer stones are smooth, flat, or oval pebbles, nodules or rude pieces of broken 

 stone, usually of the material nearest at hand, used as hammers or pounding 

 stones for striking flakes, chips, etc., from a core or nucleus, or for pounding or 

 pecking (attrition), by means of which stone implements are made into the 

 desired shape (fig. 25). They are usually taken loosely in the hand and, if a 

 rude piece, by turning so as to present a new surface for each blow, the corners 

 are gradually worn off, and the hammer becomes round ; if a smooth pebble, the 

 edges become roughened. Specimens which have served as hammers show a 

 small cup marking or depression on one or both sides, which have been thought 

 to be for reception of thumb and finger. Their distribution is general throughout 

 all prehistoric ages and countries. 



82 



81 



Fig. 25. 



HAMMER AND PITTED STONES. 



80 to 82, % size. 80, quart 



, Ridge, Ohio. 



Pitted stones are mostly flat or oval pebbles, the larger proportion of which in the 

 eastern United States are of quartzite (fig. 25). They are similar in size and 

 appearance to some hammer stones. They receive their name from a worked 

 depression- or cup-marking in the center of one or both sides, which have been 

 thought by some persons to be (1) for holding with thumb and finger for use as 

 a hammer; (2) made by hammering on another stone as a punch; (3) by cracking 

 nuts. They are probably related to cup stones proper, and like them their use 

 not satisfactorily determined. 



Cup stones. Stones large and small are found marked by a depression, smooth or 

 rough, varying in diameter from 1 inch to 4 or 5, and in depth from a slight 

 hollow to a hemisphere (fig. 26). Small pebbles may have but one such depres 

 sion or one on each side, when they are called pitted stones, but larger pebbles, 

 even bowlders of many tons, or solid rock, as in the Carpathian and Himalaya 



