COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



117 



Stone beads and ornaments (fig. 36) are found in graves of Indians and are of every 

 kind, style, material, and mode of manufacture. Most of them nave been drilled 

 for suspension. Eleven specimens. 



The pipes of North America demonstrate the ability of the aborigines to represent 

 by modeling or sculpture living animals in clay or stone (figs. 37-41). The use 

 of tobacco created the necessity for pipes, and their part in Indian ceremonies 

 gave an opportunity for, as well as incitement to, art and skill in making these 

 representations. Accordingly the pipes are of every practicable material and 

 represent all possible, as well as some impossible, animals and objects. 



Perforated stones, club heads, digging sticks, riattas, from Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, 

 Santa Rosa, the Catalina Islands, and the coast of Southern California (figs. 42 

 and 43) . These were drilled through the center and some served for club heads or 

 weights for digging sticks, while others more modern were riattas for stretching 

 and smoothing lariats. They pass by degrees from thick and heavy to thin and 

 flat. By enlargement of the hole they become rings. Some of the holes are much 

 worn, others unworn. Four specimens. 



201 



200 



202 



Fig. 36. 



STONE BEADS AND ORNAMENTS. 



200, serpentine, Santa Barbara, Cal. ; 201, 202, stentr 

 Cana , New York ; 206, sandstone, Rhode Island ; 207, 



mite, Oriskany 



dstone, Pennsylvania ; 208, hematite, Virgi 



Mortars and grinding -stones (fig. 44). Mortars were- in common use throughout the 

 United States, apparently .in all epochs of time. They are usually of stone of 

 common hardness, though .among the pioneers wood was employed. They are 

 sometimes dressed 011 the outside as well as on the inside; at other times a rude 

 round or*oval bowlder was used. They are of all sizes, holding from a quart 

 to a bushel. The larger and finer specimens are found in California. The 

 grinding stone (metate) is peculiar to Mexico, where it has continued in use 

 until the-present time. 



Pestles and hammers (figs. 45 and 46). Pestles are in great variety long and short, 

 rude and finished, cylindrical and conical, decorated and pl::in. The various 

 forms are well distributed from ocean to ocean. Those with cross handles and 

 projecting ears are, .however, peculiar to the northwest coast. 



Steatite vessels (fig. 47). Steatite quarries, opened and worked by the aborigines, 

 have been found on the Appalachian chain of mountains. These quarries contain 

 vessels in various stages of completion, together with the tools employed in their 

 manufacture. The vessels were frequently blocked out in the quarry and car- 



