COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



129 



direction being about 270 feet. On the top is a nearly level area of about an 

 acre, the average height of which is a bout 50 feet above the base. A broad ramp 

 or graded way winds upward from the plain, around the south face of the 

 mound, somewhat more than halfway to the top. There are two smaller 

 mounds close by one on the south, another on the southeast each about 100 

 feet distant, their bases nearly square, and of nearly equal dimensions. Both 

 are truncated. Most of the material of these mounds is the rich mold of the 

 bottom lands, with occasional lumps of red clay. Prior to the clearing of the 

 land, large trees flourished on the top and on the slopes. Scale : 1 inch to 10 

 feet, 1:120. Area represented, about 3 acres. , 



Ancient earthworks, Illinois. This model represents one of the most extensive 

 works of the Mound Builders in this country. It is situated in the Mississippi 

 bottom, 15 miles from Anna, in Union County, 111. The inclosing wall is rudely 

 square in outline and its length exceeds 3,200 feet. It incloses an area of about 

 28 acres and is from 2 to 4 feet high, with a width of from 20 to 25 feet. The 

 northeast quarter of the inclosure is bounded by the creek and has no inclosing 

 wall. Within the iuclosure are found four 

 mounds and a great number of circular 

 depressions, or &quot;but rings.&quot; The largest 

 mound is about 12 feet higb, the smaller ones 

 about 100 feet in diameter and 5 to 9 feet 

 high. The circular excavations are nearest 

 the creek, and number over 100. They vary 

 in diameter from 20 to 50 feet, and in depth 

 from 1 to 3 feet. Outside of the bounding 

 wall, on the southwest corner, occurs a large 

 mound, 150 feet in diameter and over 4 feet 

 high. Near it are three large circular depres 

 sions 120 to 150 feet in diameter and from 5 

 to 7 feet deep. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch to 

 30 feet, 1 : 30; vertical, 1 inch to 6 feet, 1 :72. 

 Area represented, about 57 acres. 



Section of Little Etowah Mound, Georgia, This 

 is one of the smaller mounds of the Etowah 

 group, in Bartow County, Ga. It represents 

 a section of a mound, showing the interior 



construction the different layers of earth which compose it, the position of the 

 stone burial cists which were found in it, the position of bones, etc. (See 

 Great Etowah Mound.) Scale: 4 inches to 5 feet, 1:15. Area represented, 

 about 1.10 acre. 



Burial pit under a mound in Caldwell County, N. C. The excavation made revealed 

 the fact that the builders of the mound had first dug a circular pit, with perpen 

 dicular margin, to the depth of 3 feet, and 38 feet in diameter, then deposited 

 their dead in vaults or graves built of water- worn bowlders and clay merely 

 sufficient to hold them in place. Each one of these contained a human skele 

 ton. There were five skeletons in the pit which were uninclosed. 



Pueblos of the United States. The Pueblo country, so called, in the United States 

 of North America, lies in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona, It occupies 

 the territory of and between the head waters of the Rio Grande on the east, of 

 the San Juan and its tributaries 011 the north, the Colorado on the west, and the 

 Gila on the south. This territory is desert in large acres. The pueblos depend 

 for theirwater on springs as well as on streams. The models of the pueblos of 

 Zuiii, Taos, and Wolpi have been chosen as examples, the former from the river 

 plain, the latter from the mesa, or high table-land. Zufii is on the Zuiii River, a 

 tributary of the Little Colorado, in the western part of New Mexico, about 40 



H. Ex. 100 9 



Fig. 52. 

 DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 



Gray flint, lilinoi*. 



