156 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



Fat scraper. Made of a narrow and thin strip of buck horn twisted in the shape of a 

 horseshoe, and kept in that shape by a hide strap passing and repassing through 

 two holes made in the ends, and covered by a pretty coil. The loop is counter 

 sunk at the ends. The inside edge of the strip of buck horn is beveled in order 

 to present the outer h-ird part for work. Diameter, 3| inches. Eskimo of Sledge 

 Island, Alaska. 44771. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 



Hide scraper. The handle is of walrus-tusk ivory, and is slightly bowed in the mid 

 dle, with a tailpiece roughly cut on the end. It has two cavities for the fingers 

 made above the Hint blade. The lower cavity is very deep. Length, 4 inches. 

 Eskimo of Putnam River, Alaska. 127886 (a). Collected by Lieut. G. M. Stouey, 

 U. S. N. 



Hide scraper. Made of walrus-tusk ivory. Above the deep cavity for the thumb it 

 has a protuberance carved in the shape of an ear. The cavities for the fingers 

 are A r ery deep, and extend nearly to the Hint blade. It has a groove deeply cut 

 on each -side. Length, 3 inches. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. 63851. Col 

 lected by E. W. Nelson. 



Graining tool. The handle is the shoulder blade of an ox. On the upper part of the 

 bone the edge is toothed. It is used for softening deerskin in tanning it. 

 Length, 13 inches. Ind ians of Uugava, Labrador. 90246. Collected by Lucien 

 M. Turner. 



Beaming tool. Made of the tibia of a reindeer. The bone has been split in order to 

 obtain the Avide part of the rear portion to serve as a support and the middle 

 part of the front as a scraping edge. The natural shape of the bone is admi 

 rably adapted to this operation. This implement is used for scraping the deer 

 skin in tanning it. Length, 13 inches. Indians of Ungava, Labrador. 89928. 

 Collected by Lucien M. Turner. 



Woman s knife. Iron blade and bone handle. Its shape is like that of a saddler s 

 knife. Length, 5 inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, 

 Indian Territory, 1891. 152976 (a). Collected by James Mooney. 



Woman s knife. Made of copper, with the upper edge doubled to serve as a handle. 

 Its shape resembles that of a saddler s knife. Length, 7 inches. Kiowa Indians 

 (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152976 (b). Col 

 lected by James Mooney. 



Grainer for tanning skins. Made of a thin sheet of iron. The upper part is inserted 

 in a carved handle. The blade is toothed. Length, 4 inches and 7 inches. 

 Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 

 152976 (c). Collected by James Mooney. 



Grainer for tanning skins. Made of an iron rod. The handle is covered with cloth. 

 The low^er edge is toothed. Length, 14^ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowaii stock), 

 Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152874 (d). Collected by James 

 Mooney. 



Grainer for tanning skins. Made of a piece of an old gun barrel. The lower end is 

 flattened and toothed. Length, 13^ inches. Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), 

 Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152974 (c). Collected by James 

 Mooney 



Hide scraper. The blade is a strip of steel; the handle is of hard wood, and is cut 

 in the shape of a hoe, with a handle at the end, covered with tin tacks. The 

 blade is fastened with hide. Length, 12 inches. Wichita Indians (Caddoan 

 stock), Wichita Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 152971. Collected by 

 James Mooney . 



Hide scraper. The handle is of hard wood, cut in the shape of a hoe. The blade is 

 of steel, and is attached to the handle by buckskin straps. Length, 12| inches. 

 Kiowa Indians (Kiowan stock), Kiowa Reservation, Indian Territory, 1891. 

 152970 (b). Collected by James Mooney. 



