190 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



extend beyond roughly outlining knives in the form of leaf-hlades, pictur3S of 

 which are in the collection of photographs. The blades which had turned out 

 well were carried away to be utilized in various ways. 



Photograph No. 1 represents a series of blades, and No. 2 the particular imple 

 ments which were found on the sites of villages and in the neighboring fields. 



Quarry refuse which was abandoned in various stages of manufacture into blades. 



Stone hammers which were used in breaking and extracting the novaculite. 



Blades made in the quarry, and dressed in the neighboring villages, but not 

 different. 



Various quarry implements made of blades found on sites of villages, and of 



which there is a considerable distribution over the country. 



Primitive chert quarries (Indian Territory): These quarries are especially interest 

 ing from the nature of their stone. It is a whitish, massive chert, found in 

 strata of many feet in depth, and so homogeneous that very large implements 

 can be made from it. The deposits of quarry refuse on the spot indicate that 

 here, as elsewhere, the principal articles made were blades, the largest of which 

 were 15 or more inches in length. A series of rejects of manufacture is exhib 

 ited in the collection, and the photographs display very fine specimens belong- 

 ing-to the Bureau of Ethnology. The explanations may be read on the labels 

 of the photographs. Stone hammers and articles in the form of a pebble are 

 placed in the lower row. 



Rejected articles of medium size, abandoned at the beginning of their manufacture 

 into knives of leaf shape. 



Rejected articles, large and small, abandoned at the beginning of their manufacture 

 into knives of leaf shape. 



Refuse of the leaf-shaped knives, half finished. 



Refuse of the leaf-shaped knives in an advanced stage of manufacture. 



Refuse of leaf-shaped knives, almost finished. 



Stone hammers which were used in breaking and flaking the chert. 



Quarry residuum, abandoned in various stages of manufacture into blades. 



Refuse of pebbles. 



Stone hammers which were used in flaking the chert. 



Primitive steatite quarry (suburbs of Washington, District of Columbia) : There are 

 many steatite quarries from one end to the other of the eastern slopes of the 

 Appalachian range of mountains. The pits are not large, seldom more than 25 

 feet in diameter, and 6 feet in depth. The rock is soft, but very compact, and 

 when it hardens cannot be worked without great difficulty. Nos. 1 to 12, frag 

 ments of bowls, partly finished, from the quarry and the adjacent villages. The 

 finishing was not done in the quarries. Nos. 13 to 20, implements of quartzite, 

 diorite, etc., used for removing and cutting the steatite. The largest specimens 

 had handles, and the small chisels were probably fixed on bone handles. 



Quarry and workshop refuse of bowls or pots left unfinished. 



Tools, picks and gouges, which probably had handles when they were used in 



extracting and cutting the steatite. 



Primitive copper mines (Royal Island, Lake Superior, Michigan): Implements Nos. 

 1 to 11, mauls made of large stones rounded by the water, from the shore of Lake 

 Superior. Some are grooved for applying handles, and almost all had probably, 

 when they were in use, some variety of handle. The largest weighs 20 pounds. 

 They are found in great numbers in and near the ancient pits, thousands of them 

 being seen at a glance. They were used for breaking the rock in which the cop 

 per was concealed, and for extracting the masses of native copper. Specimen 

 No. 12, native copper and portions of the rock containing it. There is no evidence 

 that the copper implements were made at or near the quarries. 



Stone mauls which were used for breaking the rock and extracting the lumps of 

 copper. 



