COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 281 



taiice which separates each of these three towns from the others is a 

 stone s throw. The first two are genuine Ho-pi, while Ha-no is a colony 

 of Indians invited to their present territory by the Ho-pi toward the 

 year A. D. 1710. Their language is different from that of their neighbors, 

 and many differences exist between the customs of the two. 



The second mesa is about 7 miles distant from the one already men 

 tioned, and comprises two towns, Mi-cou-in-o-vi and Ci-pau-lo-vi; the 

 latter situated on an isolated height. At about 3 miles to the west of 

 Mi-coii-in-o-vi, on the continuation of the second mesa, is Ci-mo-pa-vi. 

 Orai-bi, the most populous and ancient of the Ho-pi towns, is about 15 

 miles from the last one mentioned, and the mesa on which it is situated 

 is separated from the second mesa, already mentioned, by an extensive 

 plain. 



The inhabited Ho-pi towns are of stone, and vary from one to four 

 stories, forming common constructions with many rooms, and having 

 access to the upper stories by hand ladders. The Christian religion 

 does not exist among these Indians, but they retain the religion of their 

 ancestors. The last Spanish missionaries who lived among them were 

 killed by being thrown from the top of the mesas, toward the end of 

 the seventeenth century. 



In the province of Tusayan there are many ruins of ancient towns, 

 the greater part of which, as the present Ho-pi claim, were inhabited 

 by their ancestors. The legends relative to the destruction and history 

 of the events which occurred when some of these towns were destroyed 

 are very circumstantial. The most important of these ruins is called 

 A-wa-to-bi, &quot;the high place of the bow people,&quot; and was destroyed by 

 the other towns, which were indignant because its inhabitants had 

 received the Spaniards and accepted Christianity. Many of the jars 

 and other ceramic objects came from excavations made at A-wa-to-bi 

 and the burying ground situated near that place. A-wa-to-bi was a 

 flourishing city in the time of the Spanish conqueror Vargas, and sent 

 numerous forces to fight him. 



The ancient Wal-pi of the conquerors is now in ruins at the extremity 

 of the mesa on which the modern town stands. A church was built at 

 this place, and fragments of its beams may be seen in modern houses. 



Many of the articles which figure in this collection are from the ruins 

 of Si-kya-ki. Si-kya-ki, situated on the foot hills under the first mesa, 

 was destroyed many years ago. Its exact antiquity is unknown, but 

 it is thought that the Spanish conquerors found it uninhabited. Sev 

 eral of the most important articles came from the numerous ruins near 

 Keam Canyon, 10 miles to the east of the first mesa. No systematic 

 or scientific exploration of the Ho-pi ruins has ever been made, and a 

 large number of the articles here exhibited were sold to a trader, Mr. 

 T. Y. Keam, by the Indians. In this way that gentleman obtained the 

 greater part of the collection, and the Hemenway expedition acquired 

 it from him. 



