COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 283 



5. Native tobacco (nicotina attenuata), used in the ceremonies. The Indians of 



Tusayan smoke the leaves of various plants, and use various mixtures in 

 their religious rites. In these rites the one who controls the pipe, and who is 

 an important functionary, must light it and immediately hand it to the chief, 

 friendly words being exchanged between the two. The chief blows from his 

 mouth the smoke which he has inhaled toward the four cardinal points, north, 

 south, east, west, upward, downward, and over the altar. They believe that 

 the smoke is the cloud symbolized by it; and the ceremonies in which they 

 smoke have some secret relation to the offerings made to the gods of rain. They 

 use the utmost care in making the mixtures of tobacco which are to serve for 

 this sacred purpose, and the pipe must be lit with fire produced in the man 

 ner prescribed by the rite. Every ceremoqy and council meeting of chiefs 

 begins and ends with this brotherly smoking. 



6. Putc-ko-hu, clubs for killing rabbits. These clubs, are used in hunting rabbits, 



of which there are many in the plains surrounding the towns of Tusayan. 

 These weapons are in some cases curved, in others straight, and are thrown 

 horizontally. The black bands of paint which the more elaborate have on 

 their sides symbolize the ears of the rabbit. The rabbit hunts are religious 

 rites. The maidens have a special one. On returning to the town they orna 

 ment the rabbits in the manner required by ceremony ; after sprinkling them 

 with rneal they cut off a fragment and throw it in the fire. Those who take 

 part in these hunts go on horseback. The clubs are thrown to a considerable 

 distance, but unlike the boomerang which they resemble, never return to the 

 thrower. 



7. Gne-las, curved sticks with which the maidens dress their hair, forming two 



large verticils above the ears. These coils keep the hair in its place, and the 

 size of the verticil is illustrated by specimen No. 1, on which hair still remains. 

 Near by are pieces of a cord made of human hair, which came from the ruins 

 of A-wa-to-bi. It was used for tying the hair strings and was found in a niche 

 of the wall of a room near the church. The married women wear their hair in 

 two braids, which they wear hanging down, and not in curls, as that style is 

 exclusively that of the unmarried ones. The special coiffure of the maidens 

 typifies the pumpkin which has not yet ripened, and they imitate it in dolls 

 with wooden appendices, combined with bars forming rays, and filaments of 

 wool. 



8. Ceremonial blanket, of native cotton, with symbolical figures. It is the present 



of the bridegroom to the bride, who uses it for the ceremonies. The men also 

 wear them in the sacred dances in which they represent Ka-tci-na-ma-nas, 

 or Ka-tci-nas maidens. It takes several months to make these blankets, 

 which are of great value. The triangles which they have on the border and 

 the maiden and rectangular figure represent symbolically the butterfly. 



9. Various kinds of arrows used by the Ho-pi in their hunts. These Indians are 



tillers of the soil and are peaceable, and their hunts are insignificant and 

 the sport is of little interest. 



10. Shoes of various kinds for adults and children. The pair which has the greatest 



interest is that made of the skin of the &quot;Felis concolor,&quot; which is rarely 

 used for this purpose. 



11. Ladles of mountain sheep s horn. Formerly very common ; now they are very 



scarce among the Tusayan Indians, as the animal mentioned, of whose horns 

 they were made, has almost entirely disappeared from this region. 



12. Pi-lan-ko-hu, stick for making fire by the ancient process. It is used in the 



ceremonial firemaking at a festival of the November moon, called Na-ac-nai-ya. 



13. Bow and arrows, toys of the Indian children. They were given to them at 



the celebration of the religious ceremony called &quot;The Good-bye of the 

 Ka-tci-na.&quot; 



