284 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



14. Wedding present of tjie husband to Ms wife at the time of marriage. It is used 



in the religious ceremonies, such as the consecration of the children to the sun. 

 The Ka-tci-na-ma-nas or Ka-tci-ua maids also use them in the sacred dances. 



15. Spoons of Mountain sheep s horn. 



16. Characteristic skull from near the burying ground of the ruins of A-wa-to-bi. 



The dead were interred in h illocks of moving sand, and skeletons are uncovered 

 from time to time by the action of the wind. The corpse was placed in the 

 position of a man seated with the knees drawn up to the breast and the arms 

 close to the body. They buried with the dead man a dish containing food or 

 a jar containing provisions. The present Ho-pi inter their dead among the 

 rocks at the foot of the heights of the mesas where they live, and still con 

 tinue to place jars with food near them, though it is true that usually these 

 jars are broken. Above the grave they place a stick such as they use in the 

 planting and tie feathers to it. They wash the dead before burial, and put 

 sacred meal on the face and different parts of the body, and, in like manner, 

 place feathers on the body and over the heart. 



17. Parts of the dress of the sacred dances. 



18. Moccasins, Indian shoes. 



19. Perforator for hard bodies, such as shells, stones, turquoises, etc. 



20. Women s belts made of native wool of natural colors. Their use is universal, 



and the men and women make them indiscriminately. 



22 (21). Blanket of the priests in the celebration of the serpent dance. It is orna 

 mented with the likeness of the great feathered serpent, and with symbol 

 ical figures of the feet of ducks, and frogs. The parallel lines at the top and 

 bottom represent the rainbow. 



23. Bracelets, ornaments of the priests in the serpent dance. 



24. Various kinds of Pa-ho, or offerings made with due ceremony, and deposited on 



the shrines during religious rites. The nature of these articles varies from 

 small pieces of willow an inch long to cylinders of wood, or in some cases a 

 board with figures drawn on it. The round sticks are usually doubled, tied 

 together by filaments of native cotton. They are called male and female, 

 the latter having a face painted on the flat side. Usually, a pinch of sacred 

 meal wrapped in a corn husk, is fastened to them. The Indians believe that 

 the sacred meal is the food of the Pa-ho. They also fasten to them a hawk s 

 feather and a few small herbs. These Pa-hos are placed on the ground, and 

 then sprinkled with sacred meal. The white disk with green spots is an offer 

 ing to all the gods of the four cardinal points, which is placed on the altars at 

 the departure of the Ka-tei-nas or gods, in the festival of the August moon. 



The last sticks on the right are precoluinbian Pa-hos found in a cave near 

 some ruins. The wooden cylinders, much injured by the atmospheric changes, 

 are offerings for the ripening of the pumpkins, and came from a shrine near a 

 ruin. These offerings are still made, and there are appropriate ceremonies 

 for them. 



The zigzag Pa-ho is an offering to the lightning, which, as the Indians 

 believe, fertilizes the earth and engenders life. 



25. Four osier baskets of different shapes, for carrying provisions and water. The 



Ho-pi are not in the habit of using them, but every Navajo family usually has 

 several. The basket smeared inside and outside with pitch is a water jar. 



26. Annulet of corn husk, symbolizing the whirling of the clouds and the female 



of the lightning serpent. A similar annulet is placed at the head of the pic 

 ture of the female of the lightning serpent in the sand mosaic. (No. 104.) 



27. Ta-pu-i-pa-hos. These boards are carried in the hand during the celebration of 



the sacred dance called Mam-zrau-ti, and are arranged in pairs, as shown by 

 the photograph. They have symbolical emblems on them and are painted 

 anew every year. The ceremony of the Mam-zrau always takes place in Sep 

 tember, and the boards are used on the last day of the nine during which the 



