COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 299 



Some of the specimens of the smooth rude pottery have external incisions made 

 with the thumb nail, a sharpened stone, or a stick. It was sometimes customary to 

 smear the outside of the jar or vase with pitch. The black specimens owe their color 

 to the smoke produced during their baking. This rude pottery is made to this day, 

 and was anciently made at the same time as the finer pottery. The Indians are 

 accustomed to regard the wrinkled pottery as very ancient. It is found in the most 

 ancient ruins, including those of the cliff-dwellers, and shows the first step taken 

 in the decoration of pottery. 



The best specimen is No. 495, in which triangles and circles are combined, a very 

 rare thing in the ancient pottery. It was found in a room at the ruins of Si-kya-ki. 



BURIAL ARTICLES FROM ALTARS AND GRAVES. 



The collection of small clay articles found in graves at the foot of the mesas of 

 the Ho-pi illustrate the kind of objects which were formerly placed over the dead. 

 Some were also offerings made to the gods, especially to Ma-sau-wuh, the god of fire 

 and death. These objects constituted offerings, as already said, and never had any 

 other use, though the smallest may have served as playthings for the children. 



ANCIENT LADLES. 



The collection of ancient ladles from the ruins of the pueblos of Tusayan is instruct 

 ive as regards the emblems painted on these articles. They are of all shapes and 

 made of different clays, decorated with characteristic figures on the inside and out 

 side. 



These ladles were sometimes used in the religious rites. They were filled with 

 sacred flour, which was piled in front of the fetishes, or was scattered over the sand 

 mosaics of the altars. Many of these ladles have pebbles inside of the handles, and 

 serve as rattles, both in the games and in the most solemn rites of the sacred dances. 



Every figure on these rattles is symbolic, and the technical study of this symbol 

 ism has a close connection with that of the ornaments of the baskets, images, 

 blankets, and pottery. 



With a view to establishing a comparison, a ladle of mountain-sheep horn has been 

 placed among them. Many of these objects, if not all, were probably used in the 

 ceremonies and not in the ordinary employments of life. 



ADOBE (CLAY BAKED IN THE SUN) TILES, WITH SYMBOLIC PAINTINGS. 



These tiles are modern imitations of those which were formerly made for the cere 

 monies which were solemnized in the estufas. ,This collection was manufactured 

 many years ago, and the only person who knew how to prepare them is dead. We 

 see in them the characteristic symbolism of the gods, and the various spiral wind 

 ings, circles, and frets which are used for decorating the pottery. On comparing 

 them with the images we easily see the sun, the god of the corn, and others. These 

 tiles are not used for ornaments of houses and are rarely manufactured by the Indians. 

 The value of this collection, unique for the study of the symbolism, together with 

 that of the pottery, is great, but with certain limitations, as the articles composing 

 it are modern. 



Similar tiles are now used in the religious ceremonies of the present inhabitants 

 of Tusayan, and are, for the most part, traditional, and the priests hold them in 

 great veneration. The picture of an ancient tile called the Ho-ko-na-ma-na, or 

 Butterfly Virgin, introduced in the serpent dance, is exhibited in the case with the 

 specimens. 



PHOTOGRAPHS OF SACRED DANCES AND PARAPHERNALIA. 



1. Group of glutton priests or clowns. These priests accompany the Ka-tci-nas in 

 their dances and try to amuse the spectators. This priesthood is one of the 

 most ancient of Tusayan, and, according to their traditions, has existed since 

 the epoch when the race came out from the center of the earth. 



