COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 303 



Some of the colors are pigments of the country, others paints bought from the 

 whites. All these blankets were woven by women with hand looms, from wool spun 

 by the Indians. Under No. 2 are shown a small model of a loom and the accompa 

 nying implements. The Tusayan Indians have long known how to weave blankets, 

 and probably taught the art to the Navajoes. The zigzag figures represent the light 

 ning, and the crosses the Star god. The men wear these blankets in the ceremonies, 

 but they weave others with the sole object of selling them to the white traders. 

 They usually use the wool of sheep, though the Ho-pi make blankets also of rabbit 

 skins. The ceremonial blankets are generally made from the cotton of the country. 

 The Navajos, who live near the line of the railroad, use wool spun in American 

 factories, which the traders sell them. 



ANCIENT ALTAR CLOTH. 



This very ancient cloth was painted by an order of priests called the &quot; Clowns&quot; 

 or &quot; Gluttons&quot; (Tcu-ku-wym-ki-ya). It has been used in many of their secret cere 

 monies, and the owners were with great difficulty induced to give it up, owing to 

 the honor and respect which they pay to their secret rites. The rites in which it 

 was used are unknown, and the symbolism is obscure, but figures of the dragon fly 

 and tadpole are seen pictured upon it. 



The figure in the center has some connection with the gods of the cardinal points, 

 and is sometimes seen on the helmets worn by those who take part in the sacred 

 dances. The altar cloth is surrounded by a belt which is like that which the women 

 commonly wear. 



SYMBOLIC ORNAMENTS ON THE WALLS. 



The two pictures on the walls above the blankets represent common symbols of 

 the Ho-pi Indians. That on the left is a copy of the sand picture made in the cere 

 mony of the Serpent by Wi-kio Chief of the priests of the Antelope. It represents 

 the four clouds, of four distinct colors, corresponding to the four cardinal points. The 

 four darts are the four lightning serpents, two of which, the green and the white, are 

 females, and two, the yellow and the red, males. They have the respective symbols 

 of their sex painted on one side of the head. A rectangle with two diagonals dis 

 tinguishes the female. Over the symbol of the male lightning serpent is painted a 

 small cylinder of willow, from which hangs a cord with feathers at its end. Over 

 the symbol of the female is placed a similar object in the shape of a hoop made of 

 corn husk. A necklace consisting of four black parallel lines around the neck is 

 painted on every lightning serpent. 



The representation of the cloud and the lightning are in a frame of four colors, 

 emblematic of the four cardinal points. A number of parallel black lines, repre 

 senting the rain, issue from the lower line. 



The symbol of the gods of rain, O-mow-uh, is found, with some modifications, on 

 pottery, blankets, baskets, pictures, and the articles used in the dance, and is one 

 which these people reproduce most frequently. Almost all the ceremonies have for 

 their object a prayer that this god will be propitious to them, and offerings are 

 made to him in all their secret rites. 



The picture on the right represents Sa-li-ko-ma-na, a beneficent goddess, the wife of 

 Sa-li-ko. This goddess brought man the seeds of all the vegetables, and is regarded 

 a very beneficent being. The reader will find her symbolism in the number relat 

 ing to the image of this divinity. The red lines on the body probably represent the 

 ancient feather ornaments. This picture is a copy of a drawing of the goddess made 

 on a clay tile, and is an exact reproduction of it in all its details. The wings which 

 it has on the sides of the body represent clouds. 



PUBLICATIONS OF THE HEMENWAY EXPEDITION. 



The publications of the Hemenway expedition during the last two years are found 

 in the Journal of American Folk Lore, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston; The Amer 

 ican Anthropologist, Washington, D. C., and others. The official organ is A Journal 



