370 



COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 



taken the place of the finer material in the hands of the man who had 

 not yet discovered it, are far less easy to identify as knives and as they 

 are less attractive to the collector it is not surprising that there are 

 none of them in the exhibit. 



Fearing to confuse with them any of the multitude of similar chips 

 cast away in the process of making other implements, we must find 

 them closely associated, as has been done, with charcoal, animal remains, 

 and shells, at fire sites and in caves; or mounted, like the Australian 

 chips, in their handles of &quot;Black-boy&quot; gum, to prove that such stones 

 were used by man to cut meat, scrape bones, or open mollusks. The 



Fig. 4. 

 TESHOAS (discoidal implements produced by Indiana at a single blow on the convex surface of a pebble) 



AXD PEBBLES FROM WHICH TESHOAS HAVE BEEN CHIPPED 



Found at surface village sites in the Delaware and c usquehanna Valleys. 



coarser the material the coarser might we expect to find the chip 

 knife. While the tools shown in figs. 1 and 2, if we are to believe Tor- 

 quemada, were made by direct pressure, others, as the bulb of percus 

 sion would indicate, must have been produced by blows. 



Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1870, saw the Shoshones knocking off the 

 smooth sides of water- worn pebbles to make &quot;teshoas&quot;or hide scrapers 

 (see Hayden s United States Geological Eeport for 1870), and many of 

 the ancient camp sites in the Delaware and Susquehanna valleys are 

 scattered with the pebbles from which these disks, it seems, have been 



