COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 375 



center of the arrow point. The first chipping reached near to the 

 center of these planes, but without quite breaking- it away, and each 

 chipping was shorter and shorter until the shape and edge of the 

 arrowhead were formed. 



Admiral Sir Edward Belcher (see Transactions of Ethnological 

 Society of London, vol. 1, n. s., part 2, 1861, p. 138) saw, about 1858- 

 1860, the western Eskimos at Cape Lisburne at a chert outcrop (evi 

 dently a quarry) making blades from flakes knocked off the ledge with 

 jadite hammers. The flake, whether in the form of a &quot;turtleback&quot; or 

 not does not appear, was laid over a spoonshaped cavity in a log and 

 pressed gently (here is direct pressure again) along its margin verti 

 cally on one side and the other, with a punch made of fossil ivory set 

 with a tip of reindeer antler until the work was done. 1 



Stephen Powers saw the Hupas in northern California in about 1872 

 flaking pieces of jasper by heating them in the fire and then letting 

 them cool slowly 5 striking one of these flakes with a rough hammer 

 gave it an approximately right shape. It was then held on a pad of 

 buckskin placed on the left hand and chipped or pinched into shape 

 (unknown process to the other observers) by a pair of buckhorn pinch 

 ers tied together at the point with a thong. (See Contributions to 

 North American Ethnology, Vol. III.) 



Mr. William A. Adams, a miner of Denver, Colo., told me in Septem 

 ber, 1893, at New Galena, Bucks County, Pa., that he had seen in about 

 1864, Pendorielles in Crow Creek Valley, Montana, Crows in Yellow 

 stone Yalley,and Flatheads in Montana, chipping arrowheads by blows 

 with porphyry and quartz pebbles, and iron hatchets, upon splinters 

 shivered with pebbles or iron hatchets from masses of obsidian about 

 6 inches in diameter. 



Lieut. E. J. Beckwith (Pacific Railroad Survey, vol. 2, p. 43), in June, 

 1854, saw Indians on the Sacramento Eiver, in California, making 

 arrowheads from quartz fragmeu ts by direct pressure with bone punches 

 creased or grooved on their ends. 



B. B. Redding (American Naturalist, November, 1879, p. 667) saw a 

 McCloud River Indian near Mount Shasta send off an obsidian flake 

 by a blow on a bone chisel, from which he made an arrowhead by 

 direct pressure with an antler punch. 



Edwin A. Cheever (American Naturalist, May, 1870) saw California 

 Indians, about 1840-1860, nipping arrowheads of obsidian with notched 

 bones. 



Paul Schumacher (Archiv. fiir Authropologie, 7, 1874, p. 264), about 

 1860-1870, saw Klainath Indians of northern California by direct pres 

 sure with bone tipped punches making arrowheads from chips splintered 

 from fire-heated masses of flint obsidian or jasper. 



1 See for above accounts in full, Stephens Flint Chips, p. 77. 



