COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 381 



no counterpart in the other exhibits. Generally of coarse chert or hard 

 horn stone, they are sometimes 18 inches long and polished at the 

 broad end (fig. 13, a and &), but the others, from Mississippi, Illinois, 

 and Arkansas (sometimes perforated), from Tennessee, Kentucky, 

 Arkansas, and JTorth Carolina, strongly resemble the stone forms (fig. 

 13, c, dj and e) from Chile and Peru and the copper and polished stone 

 specimens from Ecuador and the Argentine Republic. 



In connection with these and the whole above-mentioned class of larger 

 blades occur two of the most interesting of all the inquiries presented 



Fig. 13. 

 DIGGING IMPLEMENTS. 



(a and Z&amp;gt;) United States ; (c, d, e) mounted in their original handles, collected in Peru. 



to the prehistoric anthropologist. How were they made ? How was 

 the material obtained and transported! 



At the start our arrowhead experience does us little good, for we con 

 tinually find that single flakes longer and broader, though not thicker, 

 than entire arrowheads have been sent off these specimens. The fol 

 lowing accounts offer some suggestions : 



Torquemada (Monarquia Indiana, Seville, 1615) in the beginning of 

 the seventeenth century saw ancient Mexicans sending off obsidian 

 flakes 6 and 7 inches long with wooden-mounted bone punches, set 

 against their breasts, from cores held between their feet. But I know 

 that flakes nearly as long and thin can be sent off English flint by direct 



