COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 387 



Moreover, there are fire sites and traces of an Indian camp on the 

 surface directly above the celebrated railroad cuts at Trenton, and one 

 of the largest Indian villages in the Delaware region occupied the 

 whole area of the modern city, extending several miles below. Added 

 to which the fossil bones, which above all else assure us as to the age of 

 the French gravels are almost entirely wanting at Trenton. To this Dr. 

 C. C. Abbott, admitting the fact of the quarry blocking-out process, 

 would reply that while some of the surface specimens may be modern 

 wasters, otherslike the many European &quot; turtlebacks&quot; of drift type gath 

 ered on the surface may be as ancient as the specimens declared to be 

 found in place. But apart from surface specimens, he and the gentle 

 men above named urge that those found in situ have proved a Glacial 

 man, while the complete disassociation therewith of pottery or polished 

 implements, has argued a Paleolithic argillite chipper who could not 

 polish stone or make pottery. Minus any such association they con 

 tend against the plausibility of supposing an ancient river shore so 

 forbidding and inhospitable, that the drift man who chipped blades and 

 left &quot;wasters&quot; by the water would have dropped all other relics of his 

 higher culture at some inland site. 1 



In the writer s opinion much further work is required to settle this 

 vexed and important point in America. Led by facts whithersoever 

 they may direct, unbiased by what has been said and written on the 

 subject, the investigator may be pardoned for asking a revision of 

 every fact alleged on either side. When once it is demonstrated to the 

 general satisfaction, viz, (1) that the chipped objects are really there in 

 place; (2) that the gravels are Glacial gravels; (3) that no arrowhead, 

 potsherd, or polished stone fragment can be associated with the dis 

 coveries, it still remains to learn from surrounding evidence whether, 

 because the Trenton objects resemble rejected implements, thousands 

 of years younger, they are therefore also &quot; rejects&quot; and not finished 

 tools; whether, in a word, the man who made them, though still a 

 Glacial inhabitant, was really a Paleolithic man at all, and not like his 

 red successor, a polisher of stone, a fisher, and a potter. 



When we compare these chipped forms from Trenton with those from 

 the gravels of the Ouse at Thetford, the Marne at Chelles, and the 

 Somme at Abbeville and St. Aclieul, we are struck with the fact that 

 the common European form (see fig. 17 c), but little worked at the blunt 

 end and well pointed and specialized at the other, as if adapted for 

 grasping in the hand, does not occur save with three rude exceptions 

 (tig. 16) at Trenton (see the Abbott collection of specimens in the Pea- 



J The argument sometimes advanced that at a river-shore quarry such as the gravel 

 sites are held to be, just as at an island quarry we need look for no trace of the quarry- 

 man s stage of culture, may be based upon the absence of such traces at Piney 

 Branch. But I found arrowheads, fragments of polished celts, and a piece of 

 worked shell among the refuse at Macungie; also a small pestle at Durham, and 

 three pitted hammerstones at Gaddis Run. M. Cornet found pottery at Speinnes and 

 Canon Greenwell a polished celt in the prehistoric quarry at Grimes Graves. 



