AND WHEKE TO FIND ONE. 161 



one at top and one at bottom, making a pipe nine inches 

 bore to discharge water. At first, he had many to take up 

 and replace with large pipe to secure a complete discharge. 

 Main drains he makes six to eight inches deeper than those 

 emptying into them not with an abrupt shoulder, but 

 leveled up, so that the descent may take place gradually in 

 the length of two tiles 29 inches and always giving the 

 laterals a slight sidewise direction at the end, so that their 

 water will be discharged down stream into the mains. 



&quot; Another error he at first fell into was, in having too 

 many drains on lowlands, and not enough on the upland ; 

 thus seeking to carry off the effect, while the cause the 

 out-cropping springs on the hill-side remained untouched. 

 Where the source of the water is most abundant, the means 

 for removing it should most abundantly be furnished. Rain 

 water falls on hills, sinks to an impervious stratum, along 

 which it runs until it either finds a porous section through 

 which it can fall to a lower level, or not finding such, con 

 tinues on the hard bottom to the side of the hill, where it 

 crops out in the form of a spring. If this spring-water is 

 suffered to run down hill, it washes the hill-side more or 

 less, and coming to the lowland, sinks as far as it may into 

 the soil, makes it sodden, and produces bad effects. To 

 drain effectually, then, we must cut off the supply above, 

 and fewer drains will be necessary below. Here is the 

 whole secret of the thing, and here we see why so much 

 money is spent to so little purpose by those who think that 

 they should only drain the wet lowland. Appearances are 

 deceitful, and we should not suppose that a seemingly dry 

 upland is really dry.&quot; 



Comment on such a character and such a history as 

 this is superfluous. Mr. Johnston s example as a tile- 

 drainer has been of inestimable value to American 



