CHAPTER V. 



DUTY AND PLEASUKE. 



&quot; Perceptions of right and wrong, and of our power of choice, and 

 consequent responsibility, are universally diffused amongst mankind, 

 and constitute an absolute character separating man from all other 

 animals.&quot; 



THOSE investigators take a sadly incomplete view of nature 

 who confine themselves to such sciences as zoology, The exi8t . 

 botany, and physiology, even though, under the ^orai con- 

 latter, the mere physical facts of language be in- fact S- 

 cluded. The fundamentally distinct primary con 

 ceptions of the human mind form, no less than do physical 

 facts, a part of nature, and one from which the most important 

 lessons may be derived. Having, in the last chapter, noted 

 the teaching of nature as respects the difference between 

 emotional and rational language, we may now proceed to 

 advert to a distinction which seems naturally to have arisen 

 in the minds of all races of men, and to have expressed itself 

 unmistakably in their speech. The distinction referred to is 

 that between duty and pleasure, as implied in expressions of 

 moral reprobation, indicating a conviction of the existence of 

 moral responsibility and therefore of a power of choice 

 exercised by men in their actions. 



We may begin by inquiring whether it is indeed the case 

 that this conception of moral worth is as wide- ^ on8 

 spread as alleged an inquiry, that is, concerning universal 

 the universality or non-universality amongst man- mankind? 

 kind of a power of apprehending &quot; right &quot; or &quot; wrong.&quot; 



And here, again, it is necessary to distinguish and define 



