100 LESSONS FKOM NATUKE. [CHAP. V. 



one. Similarly, no one will probably deny that when a 

 savage emphatically calls &quot;bad&quot; an act of treachery done 

 to himself by one to whom he has been kind, his mind 

 recognises, at least in a rudimentary way, an element of 

 ingratitude in such an action. But, in fact, that identity 

 of intellectual nature, fundamentally considered, which we 

 have found to exist in all men as the necessary accompani 

 ment of language, at once establishes a very strong a priori 

 probability in favour of a similar universality as to the 

 power of apprehending good and evil. The onus probandi 

 lies clearly with those who deny it, and yet not only are 

 even Mr. Tylor and Sir John Lubbuck unable to bring for 

 ward facts capable of establishing the existence of a non- 

 moral race of men, but they bring forward instances and 

 announce conclusions of an opposite character. Mr. Tylor 

 observes : 



&quot; Glancing down the moral scale amongst mankind at large, we find 

 no tribe standing at or near zero. The asserted existence of savages 

 so low as to have no moral standard is too groundless to be discussed. 

 Every human tribe has its general views as to what conduct is right 

 and what wrong, and each generation hands the standard on to the next. 

 Even in the details of those moral standards, wide as their differences 



are, there is a yet wider agreement throughout the human race 



No known tribe, however low and ferocious, has ever admitted that 



men may kill one another indiscriminately The Sioux Indians, 



among themselves, hold manslaughter, unless by way of blood revenge, 

 to be a crime, and the Dayaks also punish murder.&quot; Contemporary 

 Review, April 1873, pp. 702, 714. 



In another place,* Mr. Tylor, after showing different early 

 conditions of the tenure of property and the occasional 

 estimation of the tribe as the social unit, &c., adds : &quot; Their 

 various grades of culture had each according to its lights its 

 standard of right and wrong, and they are to be judged on 

 the criterion whether they did well or ill according to this 

 standard.&quot; There being thus no question as to the non- 

 existence of any non-moral race of men, can we find evidence 



* Contemporary Review, June 1873, p. 72. 



