CHAP. V.] DUTY AND PLEASUEE. 103 



inverted. Let thieving be here and there encouraged and 

 taught, yet dishonesty is nowhere erected into a principle, 

 but is reprobated in the very maxim &quot;honour amongst 

 thieves.&quot; Frightful cruelty towards prisoners was practised 

 by the North American Indians, but it was towards prisoners, 

 and cruelty was never inculcated as an ideal to be always 

 aimed at so that remorse of conscience should be felt by any 

 man who happened to have let slip a possible opportunity 

 of cruelty towards any one. As another writer has well 

 expressed it : * &quot; Many men doubtless in various times and 

 places have thought it right to do many an act which we 

 know to be unjust ; still they have never thought it right 

 because unjust; they have never thought it right for the 

 sake of any virtuousness which they have supposed to reside 

 in injustice ; but because of the virtuousness of beneficence, or 

 gratitude, or the like. Similarly, many men think an act 

 wrong, because they think it unjust; but they never think 

 it wrong because they think it just&quot; 



We may then safely conclude that there exists no evidence 

 whatever yet discovered for the existence of races either 

 non-moral or with a really inverted morality, or for the 

 evolution of a &quot; moral state &quot; from a brutal, non-moral con 

 dition of mankind. 



All men who follow the school of thought advocated by 

 John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, Win wood Reade, The popular 

 Huxley, Vogt, Tyndall, and Lewes, assert, and goonmpu- 

 must assert, that in spite of the present difference morality. 

 between the ideas of &quot;pleasure&quot; and &quot;duty&quot; they are, 

 nevertheless, one as to their origin an origin consisting 

 ultimately of pleasurable and painful sensations. Moral 

 conceptions, they say, have been evolved from pleasurable 

 sensations by the preservation, through long ages (in the 

 struggle for life), of a predominating number of such in 

 dividuals as happened to have a natural and spontaneous 

 liking for practices and habits of mind useful to their tribe 



* Dublin Review, January 1872, p. 65. 



