172 LESSONS FEOM NATUEE. [CHAP. VI. 



that of the backbone, and in the angle formed by the axis of 

 the cranium with the axis of the face. 



Some or other even of the monkeys of the New World 

 resemble man more than the monkeys of the Old World 

 (which in general are more like him) in the following cha 

 racters : (1) No ischial callosities ; (2) no cheek-pouches ; 

 (3) copious beard and whiskers (Sal-is) ; (4) hair of arms di 

 rected as in man ; (5) cranium more rounded ; (6) cranium 

 higher; (7) face relatively smaller; (8) foramen magnum 

 situate more forwardly ; (9) the length of the thumb com 

 pared with that of the hand (Marmosets) ; (10) the length of 

 the thigh-bone compared with that of the backbone (spider- 

 monkeys) ; (11) the greater descent of the inner condyle of 

 the femur (spider-monkeys); (12) the length of the shin- 

 bone compared with that of the femur (spider-monkeys) ; 

 (13) the length of the hallux compared with that of the 

 spine (Sakis) ; (14) the presence of the bridging convolu 

 tions (spider-monkeys); (15) the very overlapping cerebrum 

 (squirrel-monkeys) ; (16) the oblique ridge on the upper 

 grinders (howling monkeys). 



The half-apes (Lemwoidea) differ, as before said, from both 

 man and true apes in points so numerous and so significant 

 that there can be no question as to their great inferiority 

 and the vast chasm which exists between the two sub-orders. 



Nevertheless, we find amongst the half-apes certain cha 

 racters which resemble those of man more than do most, 

 sometimes even more than do any, of the characters exhibited 

 by the true apes. 



Thus the typical lemurs and the indris have a more com 

 pletely opposable and better-developed thumb than any ape. 

 In the slender loris we find an absence of the extra-inter 

 locking processes (metapophyses and anapophyses) of the 

 backbone, the spinous processes of which do not converge 

 (fore and aft) towards a central point ; the pisiform bone of 

 the wrist is smaller than in any ape ; the proportion borne 

 by the thumb to the hand in length is more human, as is the 

 form assumed by the ischium, and the relative size of the 



