CHAP. VI.] MAN. 173 



foot compared with the leg. In the Indrisinss and in Lepi- 

 lemur we find but eight carpal bones (a character found in 

 no other Primates pave man, the chimpanzee and the go 

 rilla), and the most human proportional length of both the 

 thumb and the index finger compared with the length of the 

 spine. We also find in the short-tailed indris the length of 

 the femur compared with that of the haunch-bone most 

 human, as also the length of the foot compared with that of 

 the hand, and the near approach made by the length of the 

 &quot;great toe&quot; to the actually longest toe of the foot. In the 

 typical genus Lemur we find the proportion (in length) of 

 thigh-bone to the upper arm-bone most human, as well as 

 that of the longest toe to the backbone. 



In the slow lemur (Nycticebus), the length of the shin-bone 

 bears a relation to that of the thigh-bone more human than 

 in any other species below man ; while in other kinds of 

 half-apes we meet with a development of the anterior inferior 

 spinous process of the ilium more like that of man than we 

 find in any ape ; also upper grinding teeth furnished with 

 an &quot; oblique ridge &quot; as in man, and sometimes an almost 

 equality of vertical development in the teeth, and even an 

 absence of any interspace between them or diastema. 



Having noted some of the structural resemblances and 

 differences presented by the different forms of Primates, we 

 may now consider and appraise their value, as bearing upon 

 the question of the &quot; origin of species,&quot; and especially upon 

 the asserted &quot; descent of man &quot; from some &quot; non-human&quot; ape 

 ancestor. The question, that is, as to man s body ; for as to 

 the totality of his nature no mere anatomical examinations 

 \sill enable us to decide that is the task of psychology and 

 philosophy generally. 



In the first place, it is manifest that man, the apes, and the 

 half-apes cannot be arranged in a single ascending series, of 

 which man is the term and culmination. 



We may, indeed, by selecting one organ or one set of parts, 

 and confining our attention to it, arrange the different forms 

 in a more or less simple manner. But if all the organs be 



