APPENDIX II. 365 



shoots, and as this number is more than sufficient to furnish the 

 required number of vertical stalks, we preserve only the proper 

 number, choosing the most vigorous for our purpose. These 

 stalks and shoots are finally extended on the ground by means 

 of wooden hooks, in such a manner that the new shoot directed 

 toward the wall leaves the ground at exactly that point where 

 the new vertical stalk should rise. A bed of manure, 3 inches 

 in thickness, is then spread, and the rest of the hollow is filled 

 with new earth. All these vertical stalks will develop with 

 exceeding vigor during the year, and will then be managed like 

 those of a new plantation. &quot;We saw thus renewed, in 1848, a 

 trellis more than eighty years old, belonging to M. Eose Char- 

 meux. The operation was attended with no difficulty, and its 

 success was complete. 



It will readily be perceived that by the aid of this renewing 

 process the duration of the trellised vines is almost indefinite, 

 and it will seldom be necessary to replant. The cultivators of 

 Thomery have a proverb, &quot; He who plants an espalier is not 

 there to take it away.&quot; This mode of a renewal may be applied 

 to an old trellis more or less regularly disposed in horizontal 

 cordons, which it may be desirable to replace by vertical ones. 

 The process in such a case is as follows : 



In the spring each cordon is cut immediately above the spur 

 (eourson) nearest the base (Fig. 100). During the summer two 



Fig. 100. 



shoots are preserved upon each spur and allowed to grow freely. 

 The following year the ground at the foot of the trellis is dug 



