ANIMAL PARASITES. 95 



induced by their consumption as an article of food may have 

 been created, while a separate niche in our anthropological mu 

 seums is reserved for the instruments of warfare, both offensive 

 and defensive, used by their phthiriophagous hunters. Then have 

 we not in the very centres of civilization the poor and degraded, 

 which are most faithfully attended by these revolting satellites ! 



But bantering aside, there is no more engaging subject to the 

 naturalist than that of animal parasites. Consider the great 

 proportion of animals that gain their livelihood by stealing that 

 of others. While a large proportion of plants are more or less 

 parasitic, they gain thereby in interest to the botanist, and 

 many of them are eagerly sought as the choicest ornaments of 

 our conservatories. Not so with their zoological confreres. 

 All that is repulsive and uncanny is associated with them, and 

 tlios* who study them, though perhaps among the keenest intel 

 lects and most industrious observers, speak of them without 

 the limits of their own circle in subdued whispers or under a 

 protest, and their works fall under the eyes of the scantiest 

 few. But the study of animal parasites has opened up new 

 fields of research, all bearing most intimately on those two 

 questions that ever incite the naturalist to the most laborious 

 and untiring diligence what is life and its origin ? The sub 

 jects of the alternation of generations, or parthenogenesis, of 

 embryology and biology, owe their great advance, in large 

 degree, to the study of such animals as are parasitic, and the 

 question whether the origin of species be due to creation by 

 the action of secondary laws or not, will be largely met and 

 answered by the study of the varied metamorphoses and modes 

 of growth, the peculiar modification of organs that adapt them 

 to their strange modes of life, and the consequent variation in 

 specific characters so remarkably characteristic of those ani 

 mals living parasitically upon others.* 



With these considerations in view surely a serious, thought 

 ful, and thorough study of the louse, in all its varieties and 

 species, is neither belittling nor degrading, nor a waste of time. 

 We venture to say, moreover, that more light will be thrown 

 on the classification and morphology of insects by the study of 



* We notice while preparing this article that a journal of Parasitology has for 

 some time been issued in Germany that favored land of specialists. It is the 

 &quot; Zeitschrift fur Parasiteiikuude,&quot; edited by Dr. E. Hallier audF A. Zuru. 8vo, 

 Jena. 



