CHAPTER XIII 



LIFE AS ADJUSTMENT. 



ONE of the cardinal propositions of Mr. Spencer s system of 

 philosophy is the definition of Life, first published in 1855, 

 in his &quot; Principles of Psychology,&quot; but now transferred to the 

 first volume of his &quot;Principles of Biology.&quot; According to 

 Mr. Spencer, the continuous maintenance of an equilibrium 

 between the organism and its environment is the process in 

 which life essentially consists. Life including also intel 

 ligence as the highest known manifestation of life is the 

 continuous establishment of relations within the organism, 

 in correspondence with relations existing or arising in the 

 environment. 1 Out of the host of illustrations by which 



1 The full definition runs thus : &quot; Life is the definite combination of 

 heterogeneous changes, both simultaneous and successive, in correspondence 

 with external coexistences and sequences.&quot; This is incomparably the most 

 profound and complete definition of Life that has ever been framed ; and the 

 chapter in which it is set forth and illustrated would alone entitle Mr. Spencer 

 to a place among the greatest thinkers that have ever lived. The objection 

 has indeed been raised, in metaphysical quarters, that this is a definition, not 

 of Life, but of the circumstances or accidents in which Life is manifested. 

 Concerning this objection, we may content ourselves with the following re- 

 marks by Mr. Lewes. Both Life and Mind, says Mr. Lewes, are processes. 

 &quot;Neither is a substance ; neither is a force. To speak of Vitality as a sub 

 stance would shock all our ideas ; but many speak of it as a force. They 

 might with equal propriety hold Mortality to be a force. What, then, ia 

 meant by Vitality, or vital forces &amp;lt; If the abstraction be resolved into its 

 concretes, it will be seen that a certain process, or group of processes, is con 

 densed into a simple expression, and the final result of this process is trans- 



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