CH. xvi.] THE EVOLUTION OF MIND. 163 



fested alike by the highest and the lowest animals, to those 

 exceedingly complex and heterogeneous sets of correspond 

 ences known as reason and volition, which are manifested 

 only by the highest animals, and in their greatest complexity 

 by man alone. Throughout this wonderful process we have 

 seen how closely the evolution of psychical function is 

 correlated with the evolution of nerve structure. But, great 

 as has been our gain during the foregoing exposition, our 

 theory of psychical evolution is as yet by no means com 

 plete. Concerning the relations of Mind to Life, and con 

 cerning the Composition and Evolution of Mind in general, 

 we have obtained many valuable results. But nothing 

 has as yet been said concerning the especial mode of genesis 

 of those highest manifestations of thought and feeling 

 which distinguish civilized man. This problem must be 

 duly treated before our account of psychical evolution can be 

 regarded as complete even in outline. Upon questions of this 

 port, however, we are not yet prepared to enter. Those 

 highest manifestations of thought and feeling which dis 

 tinguish civilized man from inferior mammals, and in a less- 

 marked degree from uncivilized man, are the products of 

 countless ages of social evolution ; and before we can hope 

 to understand their mode of genesis, we must see what are 

 the teachings of history and psychology concerning the 

 character of social evolution in general. Having shown how, 

 starting from a relatively low degree of sociality, a relatively 

 high degree is attained in conformity to the general theory of 

 Life as Adjustment, we shall be better enabled to comprehend 

 the genesis of that lowest degree of sociality, the attainment 

 of which was the decisive step which first raised Man above 

 the level of the Brutes. The four following chapters will 

 therefore be concerned with Sociology ; and the first will be 

 devoted to clearing away a complicated misunderstanding, by 

 the help of which metaphysicians have long sought, and 

 still seek, to deter us from applying scientific methods of 

 interpretation to the phenomena of human history. 



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