en. XXL] GENESIS OF MAN, INTELLECTUALLY. 299 



The extension of the correspondence in space is a marked 

 characteristic of intellectual progress, which we have already 

 traced through the ascending groups of the animal kingdom, 

 but which is carried much further by man than by any lower 

 animal. It is no doubt true that the direct adjustments of 

 psychical relations to distant objective relations, effected by 

 unaided perception, have a narrower range in civilized men 

 t.han in uncivilized men or in several of the higher mammals 

 and birds. It is a familiar fact that the senses of civilized 

 man or at least the three senses which have a considerable 

 range in space are less acute and less extensive in range 

 than those of the barbarian. It is said that a Bushman can 

 see as far with the naked eye as a European can see with a 

 field-glass ; and certain wild and domestic birds and mammals, 

 as the falcon, the vulture, and perhaps the greyhound, have 

 still longer vision. Among the different classes of civilized 

 men, those who, by living on the fruits of brain-work done 

 indoors, are most widely diffeientiated from primeval men, 

 have as a general rule the shortest vision. And the rapid 

 increase of indoor life, which is one of the marked symptoms 

 of modern civilization, tends not only to make myopia more 

 frequent, but also to diminish the average range of vision in 

 persons who are not myopic. There may very likely have 

 been a similar, though less conspicuous and less carefully 

 observed, decrease in the range of hearing. And the sense 

 of smell, which is so marvellously efficient in the majority of 

 mammals and in many savages, is to us of little use as an 

 aid in effecting correspondences in space. 



In the case also of those simpler indirect adjustments 

 which would seem, perhaps, to involve the use of the 

 cerebellum chiefly, we have partially lost certain powers 

 possessed by savages and lower animals. There are few 

 things in which civilized men differ among themselves more 

 conspicuously than the recollection of places, the identifica 

 tion of landmarks, and the ability to reach a distant point 



