228 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. s., 18, 1916 



the male producing a specialized form, while the female remains 

 little differentiated from the adolescent. 



The height of the lower jaw, except in one or two cases, is not as 

 great as one would expect from the height of the upper part of the 

 face. Consequently, the total facial index is rather low (92.12 for 

 males and 86.20 for females), although higher than in other Eskimo 

 groups. In skull 5418 the symphisial height of the mandible is 

 42 mm., the upper face is also much elongated, so that the total 

 facial length nearly equals the bi-zygomatic breadth. This head is 

 a good example of the extreme individual variations we occasionally 

 find in the Western Eskimo, although the majority keep reasonably 

 close to the racial type. The adolescent total facial index (94.56) 

 is higher than that of the adults. 



The upper facial index of the Point Barrow Eskimo does not 

 differ much from that of the Southampton island Eskimo, as given 

 by Hrdlicka. Taking the average of the adult crania of both sexes, 

 twenty-one Point Barrow skulls give an average index of 53.09 and 

 13 Southampton island skulls give 52.65. These averages again 

 are close to the figures given for eastern crania by Duckworth and 

 Pain. For six Labrador and Greenland skulls the average facial 

 index was 54.36. This leads us to conclude that the upper facial 

 index is another constant factor in the various Eskimo branches. 

 But in comparing the total facial (gonio-zygomatic) index we find 

 an increase in the west, due to the increase in total facial height 

 in that quarter. Six male Point Barrow skulls have an average 

 height from chin to nasion of 131.5 mm. as contrasted with six 

 male Southampton island crania, which give a total facial length 

 of 126 mm. (The number of male crania with mandibles happens 

 in both groups to be the same.) Since the approximation between 

 the head and skull measurements for facial indices has been found 

 to be close, we may compare these measurements with those of 

 Stone on living Alaskan natives, making allowance for a small 

 variation (2.2, Boas, for Eastern Eskimo). Kukpagmuit (Mac 

 kenzie river Eskimo), males, facial height, 131.5 mm., which is the 

 same as the skull measurement for the Point Barrow Eskimo 

 males; Nunatagmuit (interior Alaskan Eskimo), 126.4 mm.; 



