HAWKES] SKELETAL MEASUREMENTS, POINT BARROW ESKIMO 2OQ 



later in the way of trade. Kotzebue sound was the ancient trading 

 place, where the tribes gathered in summer in large numbers from 

 both sides of the strait. It is in this section that we find the 

 increase in stature most pronounced, rather than on the Yukon or 

 in the extreme south. Consequently, we must take into account 

 the possibility of intermixture from Siberia as well as from the 

 interior of Alaska, in considering the changes in physical type of the 

 Eskimo in the west. However, it must be remembered that these 

 changes have not been sufficient as yet to overcome the main features 

 of the original type. 



THE ACTION OF THE TEMPORAL MUSCLES ON THE SHAPE OF THE 



SKULL 



In the adult male crania of this series the temporal crest is well 

 marked and very high (see pi. ix). It does not appear so 

 prominently in. the female skulls and hardly at all in the infantile 

 and adolescent series. The extensive plane covered by the temporal 

 muscle on the adult skull would indicate a very strong development 

 of the same. 



Arthur Thompson, in his paper on Man s Cranial Form, has 

 worked out the possible effects of the lateral pressure exerted by the 

 temporal muscles on the skull. This was done by exerting pressure 

 by means of fibers of silk on the temporal plane of an artificial skull 

 inflated with air, which resulted in a compensatory increase in the 

 height and length of the skull. The experiment suggested that the 

 action of the temporal muscles on the Eskimo skull was similar. 



Hrdlicka later showed that the effect of the temporal muscles 

 on the infantile skull was slight, and, as the articulations became 

 more firm, the increased resistance would offset the pressure of the 

 muscles. He suggested that the temporal muscles act as confining 

 pads, and that the growing skull, conforming to the line of least 

 resistance, enlarges in the other two main directions, namely, height 

 and length. 



The pressure of the temporal muscles is proportional to the 

 amount of their use. Consequently, we should expect to find the 

 female skull much more scaphoid than the male, as the Eskimo 



