1 2 2 ^ Biological Eth us. 



rivals. Little wonder if, after the conflict, they 

 have become a fetich to the victors to all but 

 the few who have tracked their fossil history ! 



Thus, then, this philosophy of human conduct 

 has been merged in the wider philosophy of life. 

 But the new utilitarianism wears an aspect some 

 what unlike the old. They hold, indeed, the same 

 fundamental position in regard to opposing the 

 ories ; but as between themselves there is an 

 obvious contrast. For, though the note of util 

 ity is as clear in the &quot; Origin of Species &quot; as in 

 the &quot; Principles of Morals and Legislation,&quot; there 

 it means power-giving, here pleasure-giving ; so 

 that, far from running in to each other, Darwinism 

 and Benthamism might take their places respec 

 tively under those opposing categories of activity 

 and pleasure into which Schleiermacher resolved 

 every difference of ethical systems. 



Of course, if it could be shown that what 

 brings pleasure is identical with what gives power 

 to survive what is serviceable in the struggle 

 for life the case would be changed, and the last 

 residuum of the old utilitarianism would have 

 been assimilated by the new. But for this iden 

 tification Darwinian biology supplies no material. 

 And though it has been speculatively attempted 

 in Mr. Herbert Spencer s elaboration of Pro- 



