126 Utility and Pleasure. 



vitality, for the well-being of the community. Of 

 those pleasures and pains in which Mill found 

 the sole motive of conduct, as well as the crite 

 rion and the sanction of morality, Darwin knows 

 nothing ; but, these apart, the essence of utilita 

 rianism and the essence of Darwinism, the prin 

 ciple of utility and the principle of natural se 

 lection, have such strong elective affinities that 

 to effect their combination nothing was required 

 but to bring them together. Their union estab 

 lishes the high-water mark of contemporary util 

 itarianism. 



The transformation has given scientific com 

 pleteness to utilitarianism. In the hands of Ben- 

 tham, even, the phenomena of morals were held 

 apart from all other phenomena, but through the 

 common notion of natural selection they have 

 been colligated with the facts of biology ; and 

 from the enlarged horizon a gain is expected sim 

 ilar to that which came to the sciences of heat, 

 light, and electricity when they were recognized 

 as merely different applications of the one gen 

 eral theory of motion. And already, it is main 

 tained, obscurities of the system on its lower 

 plane are dissipated in the light of its higher alti 

 tude. ISTor is this effected by the incorporation 

 of elements foreign to the primitive doctrine, such 



