254 How Related and Contrasted. 



what they are. Universal benevolence, according 

 to Mill; benevolence, justice, veracity, and many 

 others, according to Butler. But whether one 

 intuition or many, the defender of either position 

 is essentially an intuitioriist. 



Still, though not so great a difference as has 

 been supposed, a difference very real yet remains 

 unadjudicated between the two schools. I need 

 scarcely point out, at the close of this volume, the 

 futility of submitting it to the equivocal arbitra 

 ment of many-voiced speculation. The results of 

 this procedure are too sadly evident in the med 

 ley of personal prejudices, guesses, and vagaries 

 that pass with us for ethical science. As specu 

 lation has its source in a personal need, and de 

 rives its form from the nature of the personality, 

 so, as Lotze was ever ready to recognize, the sat 

 isfaction it gives and the validity it can claim are, 

 primarily, only individual. But science must 

 consist of propositions objectively established 

 valid for you as well as for me. Moral phenom 

 ena have hitherto been the subject of speculation ; 

 and the contents of the moral law have been 

 formulated according to individual caprice. Now, 

 what I propose is that we shall pass by this fruit 

 less method and proceed scientifically to deter 

 mine the point here at issue the nature of the 



