Contents. xxv 



i 5. Other attempts at explaining the difficulty. 



6 8. What is really meant by the distinction. 



9. Origin of the common mistake. 

 10 12. Examples in illustration of this view, 



13. Is Probability relative ? 



14. What is really meant by this expression. 



15. Objections to terming Probability relative. 



16. 17. In suitable examples the difficulty scarcely presents itself. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



ON MODALITY. 



1. Various senses of Modality ; 



2. Having mostly some relation to Probability. 



Modality must be recognized. 



4. Sometimes relegated to the predicate, 



5, 6. Sometimes incorrectly rejected altogether. 

 7, 8. Common practical recognition of it. 



9 11. Modal propositions in Logic and in Probability. 



12. Aristotelian view of the Modals ; 



13, 14. Founded on extinct philosophical views; 



15. But long and widely maintained. 



16. Kant s general view. 



17 19. The number of modal divisions admitted by various logicians. 



20. Influence of the theory of Probability. 



21, 22. Modal syllogisms. 



23. Popular modal phraseology. 



2426. Probable and Dialectic syllogisms. 



27, 28. Modal difficulties occur in Jurisprudence. 



29, 30. Proposed standards of legal certainty. 



31. Rejected formally in English Law, but possibly recognized prac 



tically. 



32. How, if so, it might be determined. 



