LIB. I. 71. 



57 



corum professoria, et in disputationes effusa : quod ge 

 nus inquisition! veritatis adversissimum est. Itaque 

 nomen illud sophistarum, quod per contemptum ab iis, 

 qui se philosophos haberi voluerunt, in antiques rheto- 

 res rejectum et traductum est, Gorgiam, Protagoram, 

 Hippiam, Polum 38 , etiam universe generi competit, 

 Platoni, Aristoteli, Zenoni 39 , Epicure 40 , Theopbrasto 41 ; 

 et eorum successoribus, Cbrysippo, Carneadi 42 , reliquis. 

 Hoc tantum intererat ; quod prius genus vagum fuerit 

 et mercenarium 43 , civitates circumcursando, et sapien- 



a8 Gorgias, &c. four of the chief 

 &quot; Sophists,&quot; &quot; teachers of the ave 

 rage Morality and Principle of A- 

 thens :&quot; for them see Grote s His 

 tory of Greece, vol. viii. p. 486. 

 and Notes and Appendix II. to 

 Shepperd s Edition of Theophras- 

 tus Characters, chap. iii. 



s9 Zeno the founder of the Stoic 

 School nourished B. C. 280. 



40 Epicurus flourished circ. B. C. 

 300. His peculiar views have affi 

 nity to the Peripatetic School, as 

 those of the Stoics to some parts of 

 the Platonic. The two divisions (of 

 those who cherished and wished to 

 guide our affections, considering 

 them good in themselves, and of 

 those who were for ejecting them as 

 definitely bad) have always existed 

 among men, and are to be looked 

 on as the assertion of the two con 

 tradictory parts of man s conscious 

 ness : his consciousness that God 

 has made him for good, and that 

 his whole nature whether intellec 

 tual, moral, or physical, is intended 

 to be good ; and his consciousness 

 that however he may try to hide it, 

 he has in himself evil, and disobe 

 dience against the true order of 

 God s world. For according to a 

 fine passage in Hierocles $1X00-0- 

 (ftia ecrrc. &amp;lt;X&amp;gt;T)S dv6pa&amp;gt;7rivr)s Kadapcris 

 Kal TeXfiorT?? Kadapcris pev dirb TTJS 



vXiKrjs dXoyias TfXeioTrjs Se, TTJS ol- 

 Kfias evfaias dvdXrj^is rrpos TTJV dfiav 

 6fj.oia&amp;gt;(Tii&amp;gt; enai/dyovcra. And after all, 

 though the two schools flourish to 

 this day, Christianity alone can 

 bridge over the gulf between them, 

 and reconcile two (to man s com 

 prehension) contradictory principles 

 of life. 



41 Theophrastus, the Lesbian, was 

 the successor of Aristotle, and tend 

 ed the earlier Peripatetic School. 

 He is best known to us by his 

 &quot; Characters,&quot; which are brilliant 

 and witty, and shew a great insight 

 into Human Nature. His views were 

 lower than his master s perhaps the 

 specimens of mankind before his eyes 

 did not tend to elevate his notions. 

 Bacon gives no credit for the care 

 ful observation and penetration into 

 character and motives, which are to 

 be seen both in his writings and in 

 those of Aristotle. 



42 Chrysippus and Carneades. 

 Chrysippus was follower of Clean- 

 thes as head of the Stoics, and op 

 posed the ultra-sceptical tendencies 

 of the New Academy. Carneades 

 was a few years his junior (born 

 circ. B. C. 308), and was the fol 

 lower of Arcesilaus as head of the 

 New Academy. 



43 Were the Sophists mercenary ? 

 see Grote s History of Greece, vol. 



