LIB. I. 127. 



125 



de universis haec, quae dicta sunt, intelligimus : atque 

 quemadmodum vulgaris logica, quae regit res per syllo- 

 gismum, non tantuin ad naturales, sed ad omnes scien- 

 tias pertinet ; ita et nostra, quae procedit per inductio- 

 nem, omnia complectitur. Tarn enim historian! et 

 tabulas inveniendi conficimus de ira, metu, et verecun- 



Intellectual Nature is based on cer 

 tain almost invariable laws ; and the 

 differences are usually those of de 

 gree, not of kind, and here the re 

 searches of Medicine and of Philo 

 sophy combine. 



For the second subject, Ethics, 

 it is almost enough to refer to Bi 

 shop Butler s sermons ; which are 

 throughout a successful application 

 of the Inductive principle. Upon 

 this part of its application the Sta 

 tistics so diligently gathered during 

 the last few years will have great 

 effect; so long as men keep from 

 the error of trusting only to &quot; Moral 

 Averages.&quot; On this bear all records 

 of crime, as well as all chronicles of 

 virtuous and heroic deeds. At the 

 same time, lest we should be tempt 

 ed to fall into a Necessitarian view 

 of Morals (than which nothing, 

 can be more fatal to a good life, and 

 moral improvement) we have the 

 continual mystery of the Human 

 Will before us. Who shall reduce 

 its action to exact calculable rules ? 

 Who shall affirm the amount and 

 kind of motive required for even the 

 selfsame act in two different per 

 sons. Experiment too is very diffi 

 cult in Morals ; and from the hid 

 den nature of each man s &quot;heart&quot;- 

 (by which, we take it, is meant the 

 internal motive power causing Mo 

 ral Actions) observation is almost 

 as difficult. Still much may be 

 done even here. And the Statistics 

 mentioned above are a definite ex 

 pression of certain facts in our So 



cial economy, and belong to an in 

 termediate position between Morals 

 and Social IIoXtrtKr}. Nor is there 

 any more ground for objecting to 

 &quot; Moral Averages&quot; as in themselves 

 levelling men ; than there would be 

 for saying that the Statistics of the 

 averages of life determined the 

 time of any individual s death. The 

 only question of any difficulty re 

 specting an Inductive treatment of 

 Morals seems to be this Does such 

 a treatment mean that there are no 

 a priori, i. e. no revealed principles 

 of Moral guidance ? It does not 

 seem so at first sight : though, like 

 all investigations into &quot;intermediate 

 Axioms,&quot; or &quot; Second Causes,&quot; it 

 must have a tendency towards lead 

 ing men to rely on observation, and 

 to forget the revealed Will of God. 

 For Bacon s more expanded views 

 on Morals see De Augm. Scient. 

 Bk.vii. Cf. also supr. I. 80 ; and 

 Hallam s Lit. of Europe, part III. 

 chap. iii. 67 75 ; also, Whewell 

 on Induction, p. 77. 



For the third subject, Politics, we 

 have the facts of History for the 

 past, and observation for the pre 

 sent. A very difficult matter, though, 

 it is to rectify our Political princi 

 ples : for nothing in this world is so 

 full of error, or leads to so grave 

 results as an attempt to draw out 

 parallels in History, where the cases 

 are apparently, and not really, ana 

 logous. See also Mill s Logic, Bk. 

 VI. chap. ix. See Arnold s Thuc. 

 vol. I. App. 



